Cutting Dividend and Ploughing it Back to the Firm

Question: Examine about the Report for Cutting Dividend and Plowing it Back to the Firm. Answer: Presentation An engaged business supervisory crew has a job of guaranteeing that the benefit of a business ascends in future through endeavor different activities. For example extensions and item advancement by using the capital it has (Carnevale 2016). Benefits that a firm makes could be managed in two significant manners. The first is that the benefit could be scattered as a profit to the investors of the firm. The other way is that the firm ought to consent to retain the benefit made and utilize the cash to support its development or whatever other task that could produce pay for the firm. A higher extent of the raised net benefit could be willfully be saved by the organization (National Information Center 2016). At the point when some portion of benefits are retained and not scattered as profits, they are alluded to as held benefits. This undistributed benefits or reinvestment gives a business a decent wellspring of account. A profit cut is a type of interior financing, and it is viewed as pr oprietorship assets as it has a place with the organizations investors (Chad 2014). There are a few points of interest and impediments of relinquishing profits for reinvestment in the firm. A portion of the favorable circumstances are as per the following. As a wellspring of money, the held benefits are helpful and practical in that, the expenses of promoting or for giving some other plan is disposed of. Costs and some lawful customs related with some other money sources are totally dismissed. Second, the companys resources are not exposed to any charge or home loan. Subsequently, the organization in future can utilize its resources for raise advances if vital. Third, the organization isn't obliged to reimburse this cash; it doesnt fix to reimburse this profit to the investors later on. This held benefit has a place with the organization. Fourth, weakening of the organizations control isn't exposed to any dangers as held benefits don't add to the option of investors into the firm (Sontakke 2016). The administration is exposed to no limitations and in this way it sta ys autonomous. Fifth, as far as altruism, the winning limit, money related quality and believability of the organization are raised by held benefits. This makes a business qualified for being progressed with credits. 6th, contrasted with outside wellsprings of fund, the steadfastness of utilizing held benefit as an inside wellspring of account is higher. For example The inclination of speculators and economic situations doesn't impact the measure of assets. With respect to and development, held benefits are basic in encouraging business extension and in the financing of new ventures. New items advancement and improvement is likewise attainable using held profit. Since the measure of profit this year is adequate to finance the new product offering, the organization ought to recognize its investors of the new thought. The investors will concur with this thought since the new product offering will procure more benefits of which will add to their future profits. Each activity that is favorable has its impediments. A portion of the restrictions of cutting the profit and utilizing the assets for reinvestment are as per the following. In the first place, the pace of profit this year will be extraordinarily diminished. To be increasingly explicit it will be decreased to zero to such an extent that no profit will be paid. A few investors may not be fulfilled without accepting their standard expected profit rate. In light of the way that financial specialists utilizes the profit rate paid to measure the productivity of a business, the slice will leave numerous inquiries to the speculators and it may take care of some of them. Second, the costs of a companys offers might be hypothesized by its chiefs attributable to the accessibility of immense stores (Chad 2014). The chiefs in support of themselves may make a value change through changing of the profit rate. Such offer value vacillations may make the investors make misfortunes. There is a hazard that there might be an abuse of the assets by the executives for their own advantages. The administration doles out a minimal effort to held benefits and may put the assets in non-gainful undertakings (Sontakke 2016). On the off chance that the class of investors to a great extent include the resigned, widows and the individuals who are more fragile monetarily, cutting of profit may get troublesome as they want most extreme profit installment (Dhaval 2016). Suggestions The procedure of a profit cut is just conceivable if the financial specialists are wealthy. It is, in this manner, significant for the administration to think about the creation of its investors before settling on any cut choice. It should gather all the data on the proposed line of new items, do some cost and advantages investigation, and afterward present it as a business thought to the investors. On the off chance that the venture opportunity demonstrates to amplify their riches in future, they will concur on the profit cut for this period. Regardless of whether the activity could ward off certain speculators, the past steadiness on profit rate would in any case help in keeping up the financial specialists. Besides, the profit cut is just for a solitary period, the financial specialists will hold back to watch the following time frame execution of which will be better. After the four years, more financial specialists will be pulled in to the business attributable to the shooting o f the profit rate. List of sources Carnevale, Chuck. Profits' True Contribution To Total Return May Surprise You. Yippee Finance. 2016. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/profits genuine commitment absolute return-204309083.html. Chad, Smriti. Held Profits or Plowing of Profits: Its Advantage and Disadvantage. Yourarticlelibrary.Com: 2014. The Next Generation Library. https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/budgetary administration/held benefits or-furrowing of-benefits its-preferred position and-drawback/27975/. Dhaval, S. Furrowing Back Of Profits| Financial Management. Business Management Ideas. 2016. https://www.businessmanagementideas.com/monetary administration/furrowing back-of-benefits budgetary administration/3956. National Information Center,. Business Portal of India: Growing a Business: Financial Support: Plowing Back Of Profits. Archive.India.Gov.In. 2016. Gotten to July 9. https://www.archive.india.gov.in/business/growing_business/ploughing_profits.php. Prasad, Kumar. Dynamic Tutorials and Services: Retained Earnings or Plowing Back of Profits: Meaning, Need, Advantages, Limitations and Factors Affecting It. Dynamictutorial.Blogspot.Co.Ke. 2015. https://dynamictutorial.blogspot.co.ke/2015/10/held income or-furrowing back-of.html. Sontakke, Kaustubh A. Wellsprings of Finance. Drsontakke.Com. 2016. https://www.drsontakke.com/wp-content/transfers/2014/12/Chapter-04-Sources-of-Finance.pdf.

Bosnian Refugee Life in America Essay

A huge number of exiles from Bosnia-Herzegovina have fled to the United States to look for insurance from the ethnoreligious clashes of the area. To best help these families, specialist co-ops must comprehend their wartime and relocation encounters and their way of life. The motivation behind this article is to audit the writing pertinent to working with Bosnian Muslim exiles just as to comprehend the uruque issues confronting this populace. The authors’ enthusiasm for Bosnian Muslim evacuees is an individual one. Somewhere in the range of 1992 and 2001, almost 3,500 Bosnian outcasts getting away from ethnic purifying and war moved to Bowling Green, a little city of 50,000 in provincial southcentral Kentucky. The Bowling Green International Center has been a piece of the neighborhood network since 1979 and effectively works with the United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants (USCRI). For over 25 years, the middle has helped a large number of displaced people of numerous nationalities in their movement to the United States and the neighborhood network. As indicated by the center’s executive, Marty Deputy, Bosnians make up the biggest level of outcasts that have moved to Bowling Green (individual correspondence, February 3, 2005). Delegate likewise demonstrated that while Bosnian evacuees have adjusted well to the nearby network, they despite everything face numerous difficulties in view of their encounters in Bosnia notwithstanding their mix into another culture. One of the issues that keep on frequenting numerous Bosnian exiles is post-awful stressâ€a consequence of war and destruction. Post-horrendous pressure is especially an issue for the grown-up ladies, who encountered the injury of assault and rape just as seeing the homicide of their kids and companions. As per Deputy (individual correspondence, February 3, 2005), social laborers should move toward Bosnian families and kids with social skill. On the off chance that meeting a Bosnian home, for instance, taking off one’s shoes when entering is a showcase of regard and affectability. A readiness to drink a solid cup of Bosnian espresso is additionally valued. Social specialists additionally should be delicate about non-verbal communication and discourse tone. It is additionally significant not to accept that all Bosnians are indistinguishable. Similarly as with all societies, there is gigantic variety in the Bosnian culture, alongside singular contrasts in character and natural encounters. Bosnian Muslim Experiences in the War The 1991 enumeration for Bosnia-Herzegovina shows that Muslims made up 43. 7% of the all out populace of 4. 3 million individuals. Serbs represented 31. 3% and Croats 17. 3% (Bringa, 1995). Serbs recognized the Muslims’ larger part populace base in Bosnia-Herzegovina as its key quality (Cigar, 1995). In 1992, in this way, the Serbs announced war and started a crusade of ethnic purifying to kill non-Serbs. The term â€Å"ethnic cleansing† represents the strategy of freeing a region of an unwanted national gathering to make a homogenous area; it speaks to a sort of slaughter that is intended to spread dread (Friedman, 1996; Weine and Laub, 1995). Serbia’s starting method of reasoning for its arrangement was declared by the conviction that the recently shaped territory of Bosnia-Herzegovina would make national minorities of the Serb populace and in the end demolish the Serb masses as a discrete and one of a kind country (Friedman, 1996). The possibility of getting material products from the Muslimsâ€land, animals, houses, vehicles, and cashâ€apparently was an extra ground-breaking motivating force for some Serbs (Cigar, 1995; Sells, 1998). The indigenous Bosnian Serb populace was brought into a dread crusade of slaughtering and pandemonium so the non-Serbian populaces could stay away forever. This mistreatment eventually prompted more than one million Balkan evacuees moving to the United States and different nations. The sorts of encounters they suffered in their country before emigrating significantly impacted their underlying adjustment to these new situations. Resettlement and Adaptation Issues As troublesome as the war-related encounters were, relocation to resettlement nations flagged a change to new kinds of battles for Bosnian displaced people. Not at all like migrants who leave their homes for an assortment of reasons, displaced people leave so as to endure, and they face another domain of stressors as they endeavor to modify their lives estranged abroad (Keyes, 2000; Worthington, 2001). Such stressors incorporate troublesome travel encounters; culture stun; modification issues identified with language and word related change; and interruption in their feeling of self, family, and network (Lipson, 1993; Worthington, 2001). Moreover, outcasts leaving Bosnia-Herzegovina regularly have endured various misfortunes, for example, severance from loved ones who have been deserted or murdered, uprooting from their homes and networks, social seclusion, and the unexpected passing of their youngsters. Such a gathering of misfortune can leave a feeling of uncertain despondency that can essentially affect psychological well-being and future working limit (Akhtar, 1992; Fullilove, 1996; Sundquist and Johansson, 1996; Worthington, 2001). At the point when exiles cross national limits looking for shelter, they commonly wind up in an outsider social condition with standards that challenge their customary examples of family communication (Mayadas and Segal, 2000). Most Bosnian displaced people have a various leveled familial force structure and clear job definitions; in the country, authority was normally sexual orientation based, with guys keeping up instrumental jobs and females satisfying sustaining obligations. A conventional Bosnian woman’s responsibility to her family incorporates watching severe codes of security and open quiet on any issue that may welcome disgrace on the family, for example, family dissension. For some ladies, this security command discourages them from revealing insights regarding conjugal conflict or kid abuse by companions to outcasts, for example, work associates, network individuals, and emotional well-being experts. Thusly, Bosnian female outcasts keep on being gotten between conventional good examples pervasive all through the previous Yugoslavia’s male centric culture in the twentieth Century and the desires for their new culture. The Bosnian family’s man centric examples of conduct will in general be tested on appearance in the United States, especially around business related issues. Ladies are more probable than men to secure positions in the low-wage work showcase, and in turning into the providers presented to the outside world, they chance upsetting a family balance dependent on male power (Mayadas and Segal, 2000). For Bosnian men, key ethnic and social limit markers of their lives had vanished; on account of their pain over this, many appeared to be deadened in their endeavor to push ahead in their new life. Bosnian outcast kids likewise face enormous cultural assimilation pressures (Mayadas and Segal, 2000). They regularly are conflicted between the convictions, customs, and qualities learned in their local culture and the frequently ridiculous desires for the upgraded one. The strain to acclimatize the social standards of their new nation can be exceptional and very upsetting. Their folks frequently come up short on the material assets and emotionally supportive networks to enough help them in exploring the perplexing landscape of outside educational systems, unavoidable bigotry, and prejudice (Mayadas and Segal, 2000). Subsequently, many feel as though they are distant from everyone else in an outside, at times unforgiving new social milieu. To additionally entangle the circumstance, family jobs frequently opposite as youngsters commonly become increasingly familiar with English quicker and adjust all the more rapidly to the traditions of the new nation (Potocky, 1996). Since youngsters are pushed into the job of filling in as the translators and moderators of social standards for their folks, regard for the authority of older folks is frequently sabotaged (Carlin, 1990; Drachman; 1992). Despite the fact that most youngsters in the United States feel a specific measure of intergenerational pressure, the teenagers of evacuees frequently experience the draw of two boundlessly various universes: those of their American friends and their folks (Mayadas and Segal, 2000). They additionally feel exposed to the xenophobia of their American companions, who regularly criticize other people who they name as â€Å"different. † Immigration to the United States has furnished Bosnian Muslim evacuee families with numerous difficulties as they battle to adjust to their new lives. From the outset, their encounters might be like that of different workers, bringing up the natural issues about how to sustain the confidence of their ancestors among their posterity or how to best safeguard valued social practices (Yazbeck-Haddad and Esposito, 2000). Be that as it may, there are some genuine contrasts. With the assaults on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, DC, the potential for a xenophobic gathering of Muslim settlers and displaced people by Americans has increased. For instance, arguments about the structure of mosques speak to a key wellspring of erosion for most Westerners (Pipes and Duran, 1993). While Bosnian Muslim families may experience similar issues prior ages of settlers confronted, they additionally are troubled with the topic of whether their kids will be acknowledged in the United States, and whether Islam can ever be perceived as a positive power that adds to a pluralistic, multicultural country (Yazbeck-Haddad and Esposito, 2000). Socially Competent Practice with Bosnian Muslims When working with Bosnian Muslim exiles, specialist organizations need to learn however much as could reasonably be expected about their way of life, especially given the vital job that ethnoreligious character has played in their war-related encounters (Witmer and Culver, 2001). Bosnian people will in general stick to conventional sex jobs; associated with this issue is the exceptional shame connected to the sexual infringement of ladies. This disgrace every now and again drove ladies to shun revealing war assaults to their families (Witmer and Cul

Outbox March 23, 2018

Inbox/Outbox March 23, 2018 I read tons of fictionâ€"lots more fiction than non, in factâ€"but this week is all about memoir and essay. The truth is, I always have a novel going, and I love novels, but its nonfiction that really knocks my socks off. I love nothing more than an interesting person telling me their life story and giving me their thoughts about the world. A good nonfiction writer can make any subject interesting and can make me want to read about their life, no matter how uneventful it is. For me, the subject matter isnt the point so much as the personality and the voice of the writer. So, heres what Im into right now: Inbox (Books Acquired) Educated: A Memoir by Tara Westover: I bought this for my husband, but we all know what that really means: you bet Ill read it for myself. Ive heard so many good things about this book. Its a memoir about being the daughter of Idaho survivalists and living without doctors or hospitals or formal education. Its the story of how she sets out to educate herself in order to create a new life. After the Eclipse by Sarah Perry: I snapped this up when it appeared as a Book Riot Deal (if you want to own a ton of really awesome, cheap ebooks, subscribe to that email, Im telling you). Its true crime, a memoir about the murder of Sarah Perrys mother when Perry was 12. Ive never been much of a true crime reader, but that might be changing: I recently read The Fact of a Body and Killers of the Flower Moon, both of which I loved. Now Im going to add this one to the list. Outbox (Books Finished) Heart Berries by Terese Marie Mailhot: This short book packs a big punch. Its sort of memoir, sort of essays, about abuse, mental illness, difficult parents, obsessive love, the power of stories, and more. She writes about growing up on the Seabird Island Indian Reservation and needing to leave to find an education and a way forward. The book is gorgeously written, emotionally difficult, and brilliant. In the Country We Love by Diane Guerrero: I listened to this one on audio, narrated by Diane Guerrero herself. Its a moving story of growing up the child of undocumented parents and having to wonder if one day they would be deported. At the age of 14, she is stunned to find that it actually happened. Shes left at the mercy of friends parents who kindly take her in and do their best, but her life is never the same. I loved this book and recommend the audio versionâ€"Guerrero is a wonderful reader. In the Queue (What Im Reading Next) Feel Free: Essays by Zadie Smith: Zadie Smith is one of the best. I just love her fiction and nonfiction both, and her previous essay collection, Changing My Mind, was fabulous. I cant wait to dive into this new collection, with essays on movies, art, books, and life. Honestly, it doesnt matter what Smith writes aboutâ€"Ill read it happily. Betwixt and Between: Essays on the Writing Life by Jenny Boully: A small press essay collection about writing and life? Yes, please. This one comes out in April, but I was lucky to get my hands on a copy early, and Im excited to dive in. Im going to pick up a novel soon (I like to have both fiction and nonfiction going at all times), but I have no idea what it is. Ill decide at the last possible moment. So, what books are you acquiring/finishing/picking up this week?

The Financial Condition And Economic Environment Of...

In this analysis we will investigate the financial condition and economic environment of Amazon.com, Inc., and the online retail goods industry, to assess and assign an appropriate weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for the firm. This analysis will examine each component of capital funding through the lens of multiple models, and consider the validity and sensitivity of each underlying lever. Lastly, this analysis will calculate a risk-appropriate cost of capital to be used in an enterprise firm valuation. Capital Structure Before we look into the costs of the firm’s capital funding, let us first consider the sources and structure under which Amazon operates. On a market value basis, Amazon’s current structure consists of 7.9% debt†¦show more content†¦Cost of Debt Financing As we look into the debt financing Amazon has opted to raise, it is important to separate the long-term bond issues from lease obligations as each requires special attention and in Amazon’s case, assignment of different required rates of return. For the long-term bond issues, we have elected to use a market pricing model – in yield-to-maturity (YTM) terms – as this represents the current market cost of raising debt capital at each given term to maturity. For the capital, financing and operating lease obligations, we chose to assign a risk appropriate market comparable rate. To do this, we took the various credit ratings assigned to Amazon, and applied a composite interest rate based on current market conditions. Using the ratings Baa1 from Moody’s, AA- from Standard and Poors, and BBB+ from Morningstar, we were able to assign composite estimate interest rates of 5.19%, 4.13% and 4.12% respectively. The Baa1 and BBB+ rates were retrieved from the St. Louis Federal Reserve database, while the AA- rating was an averaged rate using the AA (3.99%) and A (4.26%) ratings from Bondsonline.com to fully capture the AA- rating. When selecting the eventual rate to be used in our model, we opted to use the Moody’s rating and Baa1 and composite interest rate of 5.19% for several reasons. First, Amazon has been increasing its relative debt financing allocation

Criminology Courses Criminology Course - 906 Words

I enrolled in the Introduction to Criminology course to help improve my understanding of criminology. We are about a month into the course and I have learned a great deal about criminology. Firstly, I had some preconceptions related to criminology that have changed. I developed these preconceptions towards criminology as I grew up through various forms of my interaction with media, family, and friends. Secondly, I have learned that statistics don’t represent crime realistically, which causes some people and even myself to have stereotypes which are based on these statistics. Thirdly, I have learned that correlation doesn t equal causation; so therefore, when you assume that just because someone from a particular race or background will commit crimes is not right. Finally, this course has improved my understanding of criminology and crime tremendously. Introduction to Criminology is the first criminology course that I am taking at the University of Windsor, so my knowledge in t he field is limited. I was very anxious to learn about criminology because this field has always sparked my interest ever since I was a child. Criminology is basically the scientific study of crime. I was hoping that this course would provide me with a basic foundation of knowledge of the field of criminology to build upon. One of the first things that I was exposed to in this course was the notion that society can’t function without some sort of guideline that people can live by. 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Economic Instruments For Protecting The Environment Economics Essay Free Essays

string(62) " theory of internalising costs under price-based instruments\." Economic instrument ‘s aim is to alter the behavior of environmental devastation by puting cost on the polluters while statute law ‘s aim is to alter the polluter ‘s behavior by puting Torahs or restricting some patterns. Traditionally, both authoritiess and concerns have preferred to utilize legislative instruments over economic instruments as environmental policy. It is because they think economic instruments is can non alter the behavior of polluter straight and certain sums of uncertainness are involved. We will write a custom essay sample on Economic Instruments For Protecting The Environment Economics Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now From the position of authoritiess, they afraid rising prices may be caused by extra charges and the low-income group will be affected by the unsought distribution consequence. The populace may believe that companies can obtain the pollution right if they able to pay for the pollution charges. Similarly, from the position of concerns, they do non prefer to utilize economic instruments since the costs would be increased by the extra charges, and they have influence on statute law by dialogue. Charge is the most common manner under price-based step. A monetary value that polluters have to pay for what environmental pollution they have done can be considered as charge ( OECD, 1989 ) . Charges can be classified as user charges, merchandise charges and wastewater charges. To forestall resource maltreatment, users of resource should pay for user charges. To promote recycling or discourage disposal, the merchandise monetary value would be added by the merchandise charges. To forestall H2O pollution, wastewater charges would be used and the payments depend on constituents and measure of a company ‘s sewerage. Normally, authoritiess would maintain the wastewater charges at a low degree in order to forestall equivocation of charges by illegal dumping. There several statements about the effectivity of price-based steps and legislative steps on pollution control. Literature reviews about these statements is presented in the undermentioned paragraphs. The principle The environmental economic experts, such as Schelling ( 1983 ) , Pearce et Al. ( 1989 ) , Tietenberg ( 1990 ) and Ekins, P. ( 1999 ) outline a standard position in texts and articles. There are arguments that decrepitude of environmental is because of the system of market failed to add environmental value. Savage and Hart ( 1993, p. 3 ) indicated that most of economic sciences believe that â€Å" doing the polluters to obey on the mechanism of market is the most effectual ways to undertake with jobs of environment † : A monetary value should be placed to people who want to utilize environmental resources till to guarantee that the societal costs are non larger than the societal benefits. So there costs and benefits should be measured. In order to do the benefit and costs to be mensurable, the environment should be turned into marketable. Then there have a pollution rights markets, presenting subsidies or revenue enhancements as monetary values to reflect pollution cost to society and cost of pollution right quotas. ( Savage and Hart, 1993 ) Measures under market-based are similar to price-based step that puting a monetary value and finding demand on the sum of pollution discharged ( Schelling, 1983 ) : The disposition of economic experts to work outing the market jobs is an ideologically based one: their major basicss come from the perceptual experience of Adam Smith that self-interest universe ‘s single development, in a competitory market system and societal benefits are maximized. The economic sciences is entrenched by this tradition doctrine that most of economic experts probably do non recognize, except they go out into the non -economists ‘ universe, that it is a moral doctrine premise†¦ ( Kelman, 1983, p. 297 ) Although it is non persuaded by every economic expert, the attack of neoclassical which the environmental economic sciences ranges and surveies cover this doctrine ( Rosewarne, 1993 ) . In the world, given the markets workings and the imperfectness is well-elaborated and problems related to it ( Moran and Wright, 1991 ) what indicated that environmental economic sciences and statements of sustainable development issue are dominated by the neoclassical economic sciences. Internalizing costs of environmental Some resources of environmental – for illustration purchasing and merchandising environmental resources in the market though the true cost of acquiring the environmental resource ever does non indicated from their monetary values since the monetary values are non include the cost in the environmental devastation. Other resources of environment, for case, there are non paid at all in utilizing clean H2O and therefore economic experts viewed as free. There are arguments between economic experts that environmental assets are likely to be raddled or mistreated as the monetary values are excessively low. The statements between the economic sciences that external benefits and costs that market minutess are non considered as â€Å" internalized † by altering monetary values. The external cost which is caused by the company from supplying services or goods is apt to pay or this. Charges or revenue enhancement is a possible ways to work out this job ( Bailey, 2002 ) . For case, dumping the sewerage into the watercourse by the company, and so the cost of lost leisure environment is covered by bear downing a fee. Price-based instruments for illustration, charges and revenue enhancements, are theoretical to do external costs portion of the polluter ‘s consideration. Although jurisprudence besides can restrict the pollution discharge to the, the economic experts still prefer utilizing make-based for the pollution control. Advocated by economic instruments, Thomas Schelling ( 1983, p. thirteen ) , states Environmental Protection Incentives in his book that â€Å" if pricing mechanisms is designed good, it can acquire regulative criterions with good – designed and reasonable. † And all parties believe that legislative instruments can non be to the full replaced by economic instruments. Practically, the environmental policy should be a mix of market-based instruments, criterions and Torahs. The optimum pollution degree is theoretical to be the degree at cleaning cost equal the environmental harm cost ( Samuelson, 1954 ) . Some economic experts debate that making the optimum harm degree is the most efficient in market. Since optimum degree of harm or pollution is ever non zero, many people feel unusual and abhorrent. But the optimum degree is the cardinal premise of the theory of internalising costs under price-based instruments. You read "Economic Instruments For Protecting The Environment Economics Essay" in category "Essay examples" If the environmental harm cost is equal to the monetary value charge, theoretically, the pollution will be cleaned up by the house until the residuary charge would be less than the incremental pollution decrease. It means that the degree of pollution decrease addition until the charge payment is less expensive than the pollution decrease. It is efficient economically since the benefits will be offset if more costs of excess pollution control are spent by polluter. To the society, it seems non an optimum solution. However, economic experts debate that the societal cost caused by polluters is non in the worst place if they had paid to all cost of pollution riddance and there is no worse to society sine the company counterbalance the harm by paying to the authorities. Theoretically, the companies ‘ payment in the charges form is a method to rectify their harm on the environment ( Beder, 1996 ) However, there are diverges between theory and world. The first consideration is whether the fortunes of environmental devastation can be corrected by enforcing monetary value on the polluters, world and theory diverge issues. The 2nd consideration is whether the pollution charges collected are used to undertake environmental jobs. Argument comes out that the society is still no worse – off if we spent the money on something every bit valuable. But this position is difficult to accept by the pollution suffer. The other statement is presuming that the replacing environmental benefit by purchasing other benefits on the market. Yet, countering by conservationists that other goods can non replace the environmental quality ( Goodin, 1992 ) and that human -made capital and natural can non replace absolutely ( Costanza and Folke, 1994 ) . Actually, the costs internalized assume that wage for the environmental devastation is most preferred to avoiding the devastation. There besides have a theory premise that the optimum harm point is that the cost of pollution decrease is more dearly-won and dearly-won while the environmental addition is smaller and smaller ( see Fig.1 ) . The thought based by this rule that if company changes production procedure by adding pollution control equipment can accomplish the purpose of pollution decrease. In the long term, these production processes alteration may assist companies salvage money. This can non be easy assumed that the environmental devastation done is equal to the charges. Daly and Cobb ( 1989 ) indicate that, â€Å" economic loss ‘s rating is capable to uncertainness and broad divergency, but non physical consequence merely. † Practically, regulative bureaus and authoritiess do non seek to associate external costs to revenue enhancements or charges. Charges can be used to obtain income to cover the costs of programme to undertake jobs of pollution. However, charges normally are designed to make an inducement for polluters to minimise the discharges. So this reflects that the costs of devastation they cause are non to the full paid by polluters. Therefore, the economic instrument ‘s major purpose is to internalise environmental costs and seeking the optimum pollution degree. However, it is hard to accomplish. Environmental effectivity and inducements Jacobs ( 1993 ) points out economic experts argue that enforcing costs, even though the polluting activity ‘s existent environmental costs are non internalized, but pollution decrease inducement is provided for houses and money can be saved as a consequence. There besides an statement that regulative criterions may do certain company achieve pre-determined bound marks, but there may be deficiency of inducement for company to cut down farther pollution while prove-based instruments provide fiscal inducement. Stavins and Whitehead ( 1992 ) advocated that â€Å" go on actuating the companies to better the fiscal public presentation by engineering development. Then the companies can cut down the pollutant outputs. † If the economic instruments are decently structured, the companies can be motivated to follow and prosecute in betterment and invention uninterrupted † ( Grabosky, 1993 ) . Economic determinism assumes that the desirable technological alterations will automatically happen under suited economic conditions ( Baranzini et al. , 2000 ) . Under this position, the political and societal factors are non considered by technological development. There is so much scholarship in the scientific discipline and engineering surveies ‘ academic subject that the technological developments have been based ( MacKenzie and Wajcman, 1985 ; Bijker et al. , 1987 ) . Although enforcing monetary values to companies for the environmental harm may give force per unit area on it to minimise the charges, we can non guarantee that the company will make so in the countries where imposing charges. ( Rosenberg, 1976, Chapter 23 ) . Using new engineering and means to go through the in other operation parts or go through the cost to the client is more inexpensive and profitable manner o cut down the environmental cost The effectivity of inducement is mostly depending on the sums of subsidy or charge or revenue enhancement is imposed. If it is low, company may non alter their engineering in order to moo the environmental cost, the consequence is small. ( Jacobs, 1993, p. 7 ) . There are many surveies indicated that the inducement is low if the charges are excessively low. ( Postel, 1991, p. 32 ; Stavins and Whitehead, 1992, p. 31 ; Barde and Opschoor, 1994, p. 25 ) Theoretically, there is no account why instruments of statute law failed to make a invention motive to better the public presentation continually. ( Ashford et al. , 1985 ; Caldart and Ryan, 1985 ; Cramer and Zegveld, 1991 ) . For case, Caldart and Ryan ( 1985 ) argument that economic conditions and engineerings are non bound regulative attacks. It is means that the legislative instruments could non promote company to transport out more technological invention in order to alter economic fortunes. Practically, policy shaper rarely take this attack for the similar ground. Because high adequate charges are rarely levied since they are excessively disquieted about reaction of industry. Regulating within the technological model and bing economic is preferred by them. Environmental statute law can curtail the discharges level that should be met and the technological type that should be used such as establishing on attacks of Best Practicable Technology ( BPT ) and Best Available Technology ( BAT ) . It has conventionally been believed that the technological kinds are restricted by policy shapers will harm to innovation activities in the United States. In Australia, policy shapers have non advised company what criterion of engineering should be used. Alternatively, the criterions of discharges have been set which based on the bing engineerings. As a consequence, there is incentive to alter engineering since the criterion is sensible to accomplish, but non merely an environmental end ( Beder, 1989 ) . The cause of neglecting to make inducements through the legislative instruments or monetary value based instruments is same. In both instances, the authorities establishments ‘ strengthens, the politicians ‘ willingness, and the extent of community engagement and review are decisive factors. There are different jobs of policy instruments are listed by J. Rees ( 1988, p. 175 ) : First, the ends of policies are often conflicting, confused and switching. Second, the procedure of execution can non, and does non, running along consistent, clear ends-means lines. Last, the policy instruments are manipulated by the involvement groups within both the regulation governments and the regulated community. Brian Wynne ( 1987, pp. 4-5 ) besides points out the viing involvements ‘ interaction necessity to the standard executions. For illustration, the interested parties are regulated and regulative authorization, authorities and nearby community. It normally includes dialogue, version and via media. Rees suggests that economic mechanisms, advocate slope to do the premise that â€Å" the control system of pollution is chiefly composed of economically rational pollution shapers and enterprisers running without capital, organisational, perceptual and proficient restrictions. This is non the instance. For case, although the cost to change the production procedure or put in pre-treatment equipment may be lower than the charges in the long term, most companies are non willing to put on the initial cost payment. However, there is no pick for companies in the legislative instruments. Rees said that there are several surveies have shown 25 % -30 % polluters do non understand the system of pricing which may hold radically different degrees of payment significantly if the sewerage ‘s volume or strength composing of the discharge can be changed by polluter ( Rees, 1988, p. 184 ) . Many polluters do non cognize how to alter the methods of pollution decrease and seek the most favorable determinations in the involvement of themselves. Cost effectivity and economic efficiency Under the price-based steps, the environmental costs are failed to be internalized and inducement for alteration engineering is less than the legislative steps. Then economic experts argue that price-based steps are more cost-efficient and economically efficient than legislative steps. They point out that the regulative criterion imposes a high cost load on the company and hinders the growing of economic. During 1970s and 1980s, statute law has been characterized by Stavins and Whitehead that costs are non regarded in the execution. They prefer protecting environment by market-based inducement as the other options: aˆÂ ¦the ordinances impact on the economic strength and its competitory ability in international markets are heightened concernedaˆÂ ¦ under the ordinance, behavior is dictated and net income chances are removed. Then, unneeded loads on the economic system are placed and more effectual environmental engineerings are stifled. Economic instruments claim that ordinances are non cost-efficient. It is because the ordinances require emanations from all companies to run into unvarying criterions, but non see whether they have ability to run into them. Installing peculiar pollution control engineerings in the companies are required by the ordinances but there is no consideration on whether the companies affordable for them. Although the ordinances can better the quality of environment, the cost is excessively high. On the other manus, economic instruments are said to allow that concern should portion the pollution control load in an effectual manner. ( Stavins and Whitehead, 1992, p.9 ) The suggestion is come from that the pollution decrease of the some companies are less expensive than others. So, it is sensible expect that these companies reduces more pollution is more effectual than the other companies for whom it would be non cheaply. In this manner, the pollution control ‘s fringy cost is accomplishing an excess unit of pollution decrease ‘s extra cost. So, the concerns ‘ fringy costs of pollution control would be equalized. For case, the rate of pollution discharge fee is aggregate to all companies. The companies will happen that cut downing the pollution discharge is cheaper to pay the fee if the decrease of pollution cost is more than the discharge fee payment. However, in most instances frequently show that, economic instruments save cost are non due to implementing pollution decrease. Jacobs ( 1993 ) point out that the efficiency is an statement of theory but non an empirical one and provides the illustration in the follow: The sewerage charges raised 400 % in Britain. The authorities failed to alter behavior of companies, even parts of pollution control investing would be pay back. It is because the affected companies did non understand the system alteration. The pollution decrease issue is non dealt by applied scientists but the finance section. So the companies did non cognize the available option of engineering. Therefore, it is more efficaciously necessitate the companies to put in better engineering by ordinance. Savage and Hart ( 1993 ) suggest that: â€Å" Efficiency is a major foundation for the rational, the text edition of intermediate economic sciences ‘ fantasy universe: in the market mechanism, coincident imperfectnesss is non constrained the universe, for illustration, imperfect competition or monopolies, outwardnesss, uncertainness, asymmetric information, revenue enhancements, uncomplete markets or moral jeopardies. † Economists frequently argue that determination devising of centralised authorities is less efficient than market. It is because, under the market-based mechanism, information is automatically gathered and the balance of supply and demand is ensured and allotment of resources is expeditiously. Nevertheless, pollution charge suited for this kind of statement because enforceable remains and monitoring are needed. The policy shaper still should cognize the sum of waste are discharged and guarantee that companies have wage for the pollution discharge fee right and have been paid its waste. â€Å" Any environmental control system should be checked by inspectors to do certain that claimed discharge, resource extractions or emanations are right. Therefore, bureaucratic is necessary since they are revenue enhancement inspectors, but non regulative 1s † ( Jacobs, 1993 ) . How to cite Economic Instruments For Protecting The Environment Economics Essay, Essay examples

Human Resource Strategy Management in Public Service

Question: Discuss about the Human Resource Strategy Management in Public Service. Answer: Human resource planning is an approach that is taken by an organization to identify current and futurehuman resources need for achieving the organizational goals and objectives. Mayo (2015) in the provided article illustrated that effective resource planning can be obtained in four steps. Workforce demand planning is the first requirement that emphasizes on the estimation of demand for different job roles and strategic skills for the business plan. For instance, in civil engineering engineers for planning, workers for formulating the infrastructure, departmental lawyer for resolving the entire legal obligation for the land lease, the price of the land and others. Furthermore, Purce (2014) also affirms that the second step is to evaluate the requirement for the future and the present resources to achieve the desired goals for the betterment of the organization. The third step is to analyze the supply of the organization by accessing the transfers, trainees or promotions (Stadtler, 201 5). In addition to that Bratton and Gold (2012) depicts that measuring the demand versus supply to take some strategic decisions for ensuring that maximum profitability can be attained. Berman et al. (2015) exemplifies a scenario where finance director of an organization plans for the demands of the products and services by breaking down the workforce into job families so that each department can work with maximum efficiency. Thus, following the concept, Israel Tobin take initiatives for dividing the total workforce according to the similar characteristics that can be evaluated during professional qualià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cations or training and having a similar level in the organization hierarchy. Delahaye (2015) on the other hand, criticizes that some organizations cannot formulate an efficient job family for a potential rebalancing of deà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cits and surpluses of the organization. In addition to that, Israel Tobin implements the replacement needs that should be forecasted from the past decision of the employee to leave the job family. Buller and McEvoy (2012) suggest that this forecasting plays a crucial role in making the job proceedings hassle free and effective to achieve the goals. In the context of the supply analysis, Mayo (2015) depicts that an organization evaluates the consumers demands before starting manufacturing that products. In this process also Israel Tobin emphasizes on assessing the potential of people by offering then new job roles and responsibilities without retraining them and providing them proper recognition and promotion if they perform well otherwise provide them training so that they can mature in their job roles. Stone (2013) also affirms that systematic planning process can be able to review the gap between the present resources and future requirements. For instance, in the civil engineering institute like CERA, Israel Tobin is looking for experienced engineering for their company so that they can evaluate the existing system with proficiency. Moreover, the trainee and the base workers must provide training so that they can construct the entire infrastructure by maintaining all the risk evaluation and planning convient laundry setup, am plehallway width to build a home (Cowlard et al., 2013). Moreover, the engineers are expected to analyze soil and ground conditions, the number of Lanes of the bridge deck, Grade of Concrete and steel proposed and Seismic zone of the location while starting designing a bridge. Recommendation In any organization, the human resource planning can be improved by detailing the business plan by proper addressing of the short-term and long-term goals. Moreover, Israel Tobin should hire a human resources (HR) manager, who can every problem related to their civil engineering business like selecting experienced engineers from reputed universities and colleges or a professional background in the concerned field. The person should also evaluate the performance whether their capabilities fit their current job titles and then offer them changing career and training paths according to their performance. Many experts believe that an organization should look beyond recruiting and on-boarding and can introduce talent management in CERA so that employee with broad knowledge of the safe and secure infrastructure can be designed. Taken for instance, in conventional times, civil engineers are responsible for designing a spacious and strong building that can be resistant to natural calamities. However, in recent times, they are responsible for planning fire control systems and installing quick fire exit points while designing infrastructural projects. The concerned person should create a future staffing plan that can be implemented for 5 to 10 years in the future. This procedure comprises of the planning of workplace promotions, setting up a seasonal employment process and restructuring of current employee job positions so that they can perform their best to fill gaps and reduce surplus and work forlong-term goals. Reference List Berman, E. M., Bowman, J. S., West, J. P., Van Wart, M. R. (2015).Human resource management in public service: Paradoxes, processes, and problems. Sage Publications. Bratton, J., Gold, J. (2012).Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Buller, P. F., McEvoy, G. M. (2012). Strategy, human resource management and performance: Sharpening line of sight.Human resource management review,22(1), 43-56. Cowlard, A., Bittern, A., Abecassis-Empis, C., Torero, J. (2013). Fire safety design for tall buildings.Procedia Engineering,62, 169-181. Delahaye, B. (2015).Human resource development. Tilde Publishing. Mayo, A. (2015). Strategic workforce planninga vital business activity.Strategic HR Review,14(5), 174-181. Purce, J. (2014). The impact of corporate strategy on human resource management.New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals),67. Stadtler, H. (2015). Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Stone, R. J. (2013).Managing human resources. John Wiley and Sons.

Using Assessment and Feedback in Differentiated Instruction Essays

Using Assessment and Feedback in Differentiated Instruction Bridgette Wrice EDU 675 Dr. Steven Brownson August 22, 2010 Differentiated instruction is teaching with student difference in mind. It means starting where the kids are before accepting a consistent approach to teaching that seems to assume that all learners of a given age or grade are alike. A fuller definition of differentiated instruction is that a teacher proactively plans varied approaches to what students need to learn, how they will learn it, and/or how they can express what they have learned in order to increase the likelihood that each student will learn as much as he or she can as efficiently as possible. (Tomlinson, 2003) Assessment Assessment is the process of documenting, usually in measurable terms, knowledge, skills, attitudes and beliefs. Assessments can be classified in many different ways. The most important divisions are: (1) formative and summative; (2) objective and subjective; (3) criterion-referenced and norm-referenced; and (4) informal and formal. There are two main types of assessment. There is summative assessment which is carried out at the end of a course or projects. Summative assessments are usually used to assign students a course grade. The other assessment is called formative assessment. Formative assessment is carried out throughout a course or project. Formative assessment is used to assist learning and it might be a teacher (or peer) or the learner, providing feedback on a student's work, and would not necessarily be used for grading purposes. Summative and formative assessments are referred to as assessment of learning and assessment for learning. Assessment for learning provides teachers with data to modify and improve instruction. Assessment of learning evaluates students' knowledge and skills in order to make accurate decisions about students' placements (Earl, 2006). The goals of student assessments is to learn about "students' knowledge, skills, and affective status" in order to inform the school, other teachers, parents, and students (Popham, 2006). Summative or formative assessment can be objective or subjective. Objective assessment is a form of questioning which has a single correct answer. Subjective assessment is a form of questioning which may have more than one answer. There are various kinds of objective and subjective questions. Objective question types include true/false, multiple choice, multiple-response and matching questions. Subjective questions include extended-response questions and essays. Objectiv e assessment is becoming more popular due to the increased use of online assessment. Assessment can be either formal or informal as well. Formal assessment is usually a written document, such as a test, quiz, or paper. Formal assessment is given a numerical score or grade based on student performance. Informal assessment does not add to a student's final grade. It usually occurs in a more casual manner, including observation, inventories, participation, peer and self evaluation, and discussion. Evaluation Evaluation is perhaps the most complex and least understood of the terms. When we evaluate, what we are doing is engaging in some process that is designed to provide information that will help us make a conclusion about given circumstances. Usually, any evaluation process requires information about the question at hand. They usually are objectives, goals, standards, procedures, and so on. When we evaluate, we are saying that the process will give up information concerning the value, correctness, goodness, validity, legality, etc., of something for which a reliable measurement or assessment has been made. Teachers, in particular, are constantly evaluating students, and such evaluations are usually done as comparisons between what was intended and what was obtained. Grading We grade to provide feedback, document progress, and to guide instructional decisions. Teaching and learning can and do occur without grades. We do not give students grades in order to teach them. Grades are an indication of summative experiences only not formative experiences. Students can learn without grades, but they must have feedback. Grades are assumptions based upon a sample of student?s work. They are highly subjective and relative. The fact that a range of grades happens among teachers who grade the same product suggests that assessment can only be done against commonly accepted and clearly understood criteria. Grades are relative. Teachers have to be knowledgeable in their subject area in order to assess students properly. Grades are subjective and can vary from teacher to teacher. Grades are not always accurate indicators

Public Health Essay Example

Public Health Essay Example Public Health Paper Public Health Paper 1. What is Public Health? Public health is the science of avoiding disease, extending life, and promoting physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the control of community infections, the education of the individuals in principles of personal hygiene, the organization of medical and nursing services for the elderly diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease and the development of social machinery which will ensure to every individual in the community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health. 2. The scope of public health Chronic disease, infectious diseases, mental health, nutritional, health of vulnerable individuals, environmental health, substance abuse, accidental injury, health care delivery 3. The core functions of public health? Assessment, policy development, and assurance. During assessment, environmental health problems and hazards are diagnosed and investigated. In policy development, people are informed, educated and empowered about environmental health issues. Also, policies and plans are developed to support individual and community environmental health efforts. Lastly, assurance is when laws and regulations are enforced to protect environmental health and ensure safety. 4. Public Health vs. Medical Health? While medicine is concerned with individual patients, public health regards the community as its patient, trying to improve the health of the population. Medicine focuses on healing patients who are ill. Public health focuses on preventing illness. 5. Sciences of public health? 3) Which one of those below is not used to define a profession? A profession A) has a code of ethics. B) provides an income. C) provides a unique and essential social service. D) has an association that represents the profession. Answer: B 4) A professional prepared individual trained to use appropriate educational strategies and methods to facilitate the development of policies, procedures, interventions and systems conducive to the health of individuals, groups, and communities is known as a A) community planner. B) promotion specialist. C) health educator. D) professional. Answer: C 5) During the 1850s to 1950s, the primary focus of the public health effort in the United States was to A) reduce health care costs. B) control chronic diseases. C) control infectious diseases. D) develop national health care coverage. Answer: C 6) The greatest potential for reducing morbidity, saving lives, and reducing health care costs in the United States through health promotion and disease prevention was realized by the A) early 1900s. B) late 1950s. C) mid 1970s. D) early 2000s. Answer: C 7) Which one of the following is not recognized as a dimension of health? A) Physical B) Emotional C) Spiritual D) Political Answer: D 8) An approach to health that focuses on balancing the dimensions of a persons life through the adoption of health enhancing behaviors is known as A) public health. B) wellness. C) community health. D) health promotion. Answer: B 9) Which of the following surveys utilizes a telephone interview to collect health data? A) The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey B) The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey C) The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System D) The National Health Interview Survey Answer: D 10) Which of the following surveys collects health data about college students? A) The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey B) The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey C) The National College Health Assessment D) The National Health Interview Survey Answer: C 11) The federal governments 1980 document that provided a blueprint of the health promotion and disease prevention strategy is known as A) Code Blue. B) Healthy People 2020. C) Quality of Life in the United States. D) Promoting Health/Preventing Disease: Objectives for a Nation. Answer: D 12) The number of deaths per 100,000 population is known as A) crude rate. B) a specific rate. C) the mortality rate. D) the morbidity rate. Answer: C 13) A rate for a specific population subgroup (e.g. death rate for 40- 50 year olds) is referred to as A) mortality. B) life expectancy. C) the specific. D) Years of Potential Life Lost [YPLL]. Answer: C 14) The average number of years of life remaining is known as the A) death rate. B) mortality rate. C) life expectancy. D) Disability-Adjusted Life Years [DALY]. Answer: C 15) Which rate is the measure of premature mortality? A) Mortality rate B) Infant mortality rate C) Years of Potential Life Lost [YPLL] D) Health-Related Quality of Life [HRQOL] Answer: C 16) The primary difference between the health education/promotion profession and other helping professions in achieving the goals and objectives of the profession is A) the establishment of written objectives by health education specialists. B) that other professions do not have stated goals and objectives. C) the use of the teaching-learning process by the health education/promotion profession. D) that the cost of health education/promotion is much less than other helping professions. Answer: C 17) The primary role of a health education specialist includes A) delivering health education/promotion programs and evaluating health education/promotion programs. B) developing health education/promotion programs for the people they serve and evaluating health education/promotion programs. C) assessing the needs and diagnosing medical problems. D) serving as a resource person, communicating with the public and marketing health education/promotion programs. Answer: B 18) Which of the following steps is generally found in most planning models? A) Learning activities. B) Needs assessment C) Policy commitment D) Review of self-help materials Answer: B 19) The primary role of a health education specialist includes all of the following EXCEPT A) program development. B) program evaluation. C) program planning. D) program redirection. Answer: D 20) According to the best available estimates, behavioral patterns impact what portion of the populations early death? A) 70% B) 40% C) 30% D) 15% Answer: B 21) According to the best available estimates, social circumstances impact what portion of the populations early death? A) 70% B) 40%. C) 30% D) 15% Answer: D 22) The use of the DTP vaccine is an example of which level of prevention? A) Primary prevention B) Secondary prevention C) Tertiary prevention D) Community prevention Answer: A 23) The use of condoms to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STI) is an example of which level of prevention? A) Primary prevention B) Secondary prevention C) Tertiary prevention D) Community prevention Answer: A 24) Providing education to a diabetic on how to use his/her insulin is an example of which level of prevention? A) Primary prevention. B) Secondary prevention C) Tertiary prevention D) Community prevention Answer: C 25) Encouraging individuals to take a daily dose of aspirin to reduce the chance of a heart attack is an example of which level of prevention? A) Primary prevention B) Secondary prevention C) Tertiary prevention D) Community prevention Answer: B 26) The use of a sports physical examination as a requirement to participate in high school athletics is an example of which level of prevention? A) Primary prevention B) Secondary prevention C) Tertiary prevention D) Community prevention Answer: A 27) Which one of the following disciplines and professions was not identified by the authors as contributing to the principles and concepts of health education/promotion? A) Medicine B) Education C) Epidemiology D) Anthropology Answer: D 28) The Health Field Concept divides the health field into four elements. The four elements are A) education, epidemiology, medicine, and sociology. B) development, planning, implementation, and evaluation. C) human biology, environment, lifestyle, and health care organization. D) human biology, education, social work, and behavioral psychology. Answer: C 29) The greatest importance of the Health Field Concept has been the A) focus of health care reform legislation. B) focus on health promotion and disease prevention. C) institution of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. D) identification of health risks related to morbidity and mortality. Answer: B 30) The focus of health promotion and disease prevention efforts should be directed toward A) biological limitations. B) the Chain of Infection. C) modifiable risk factors. D) non-modifiable risk factors. Answer: C 31) What percentage of death could be prevented by controlling modifiable risk factors? A) 10% B) 20% C) 20% D) 40% Answer: D 32) The interruption of the sequence of events to prevent an infection is descriptive of which of the following? A) The Socio-ecological Approach B) The Chain of Infection C) Multicausation Design Model D) Communicable Disease Model Answer: B 33) The major components of this model include agent, host, and environment. A) Epidemiology B) The Chain of Infection C) Multicausation Design Model D) Communicable Disease Model Answer: D 34) Which of the following disease models is most applicable to the prevention of chronic diseases? A) The Chain of Infection. B) The Health Field Concept C) Multicausation Design Model D) Communicable Disease Model Answer: C 35) Epidemiology is A) a method of applying primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention in a community setting. B) concerned primarily with the empowerment of individuals in the of care their own health. C) the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases in a specific population. D) concerned only with life expectancy of humans. Answer: C 36) The level of prevention that includes strategies designed to reduce the incidence of disease is called ________ prevention. A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) community Answer: A 37) Screenings are used by which level of prevention? A) Primary B) Secondary C) Tertiary D) Community Answer: B 38) Providing training or instructing patients on how to modify their diets and take their medications to prevent a second heart attack is an example of ________ prevention. A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) Community Answer: C 39) Which of the following is the best descriptor of the socio-ecological approach? A) Behaviors are influenced by interdependent domains. B) Social circumstances are the prominent domain that influences health behaviors. C) Genetics and the environment are the only variables of interest when developing interventions. D) Family influences are the most important determinant of health. Answer: A 40) The first national document that presented a comprehensive national agenda for prevention presented objectives in three main areas. The areas include A) prevention services, health protection, and disease prevention. B) increase quality of life, increase years of life, and the elimination of health disparities. C) improve child mortality rates, decrease teen pregnancy rates, and reduce tobacco use. D) improve the number of years of independent living, reduce mortality rates of cardiovascular diseases, and increase high school graduation rates. Answer: A 41) Which of the following identify three levels used in the socio-ecological approach? A) primary, secondary, and tertiary B) public policy, medical care, and prevention C) intrapersonal, interpersonal, and organizational D) population control, professional development, and policy implementation Answer: C 42) Having the ability to understand and respect values, attitudes, beliefs, and mores that differ across cultures is a description of a ________. A) health education specialist B) culturally competent person C) professional D) epidemiologist Answer: B 43) The differences in health between populations is known as ________. A) crude rate B) Years of Potential Life Lost [YPLL] C) Health-Related Quality of Life [HRQOL] D) health disparity Answer: D 44) The two primary causes of health disparities are lack of access to care and the lack of quality care. Answer: TRUE 45) A crude rate is expressed in numbers per 100,000 population. Answer: TRUE 46) Health education/promotion is considered to be an emerging profession because it does not meet all the characteristics of a profession. Answer: TRUE 47) Health education/promotion may be considered on emerging profession because it is not clearly defined by itself or others. Answer: TRUE 48) If health education/promotion is not considered a profession, then health educators are not considered professionals. Answer: FALSE 49) The greatest potential for reducing the cost of health care in America is believed to be accomplished through the use of advanced technology. Answer: FALSE 50) The first set of Health Objectives for the Nation (Healthy People) provided a blueprint for health promotion and disease prevention strategies. Answer: TRUE 51) According to McGinnis, modifiable behaviors are the single most prominent domain of influence of health. Answer: TRUE 52) According to the World Health Organization, health is merely an absence of disease. Answer: FALSE 53) Years of Potential Life Lost [YPLL] is often described as the most comprehensive indicator of health and disease in a society. Answer: FALSE 54) Years of Potential Life Lost [YPLL] is a measure of premature mortality. Answer: TRUE 55) A rate used to express the impact of injury or disease is known as the Disability-Adjusted Life Years [DALY]. Answer: TRUE 56) Disability-Adjusted Life Years [DALY] is a measure developed by the World Health Organization and the World Bank. Answer: TRUE 57) Disability-adjusted life expectancy [DALE] is based upon mortality rates. Answer: FALSE 58) Health-adjusted life expectancy [HALE] can be calculated at any age. Answer: TRUE 59) The ultimate goal of the health education/promotion profession is to prolong life. Answer: TRUE 60) The terms of public health, health promotion, and wellness are all defined in terms of preventing diseases. Answer: FALSE 61) The primary role of all health education specialists is to evaluate behavior change in their clients. Answer: FALSE 62) Crude rates and adjusted rates are both expressed in terms of the total population. Answer: TRUE 63) Epidemiology is the study of how states prevent disease outbreaks. Answer: TRUE 64) The term pandemic refers to an outbreak of a disease over a wide geographical area. Answer: TRUE 65) The term endemic refers to the regular occurrence of a disease in a given population. Answer: TRUE 66) The Health Field Concept focuses only on the health care system. Answer: FALSE 67) Keeping a childs immunizations up-to-date would be an example of primary prevention. Answer: TRUE 68) The use of antibiotics to treat a bacterial infection would be an example of secondary prevention. Answer: FALSE 69) A persons age is considered a modifiable risk factor for disease. Answer: FALSE 70) The basic premise of the Chain of Infection Model is that modifying events that lead to infections can prevent infections. Answer: TRUE 71) There are several different models that have proven useful in the prevention of disease. Answer: TRUE 72) Health surveys can be used to measure health or health status. Answer: TRUE 73) Epidemiology can be used in health education/promotion to identify the needs of a given population. Answer: TRUE 74) Empowerment is the skill used to influence policy development. Answer: FALSE 75) Empowerment refers to people gaining mastery over their lives. Answer: TRUE 76) Advocacy is a skill needed by health education specialists. Answer: TRUE 77) Explain why health education/promotion is considered an emerging profession. Include at least two characteristics of a professional in your rational. 78) Identify the four limitations of prevention and explain each. 79) Compare and contrast the Chain of Infection, Multicausation Disease Model, and the Communicable Disease Model. 80) Identify four professions/disciplines that support health education/promotion. Provide an example of how each profession/discipline is supportive of the health education profession. 81) Identify the three levels of prevention and provide an example for each level. 82) Describe the role advocacy plays in health education/promotion. 83) You have been asked to provide evidence of the health status of a given population (state or country); which rates and measurements would you use? Why? 84) Identify a health issue in which you have utilized advocacy skills and describe two activities you used in your advocacy effort. References: Haines, Andy, et al. Climate change and human health: impacts, vulnerability and public health.  Public health  120.7 (2006): 585-596. American Public Health Association, et al.  Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association., 1913. American Academy of Pediatrics, et al.  Caring for our children: National health and safety performance standards: Guidelines for out-of-home child care. Amer Academy of Pediatrics, 2002.

ETHICAL DECISIONS IN LEADERSHIP Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ETHICAL DECISIONS IN LEADERSHIP - Case Study Example Therefore, the reader must go only on the sketchy information that is given in the case study. Lael must choose one of three candidates for a promotion. She must make this decision within a few days. There are three candidates for this position. The challenge is that there is no information about the job or the qualifications needed for the job. The reader must help Lael decide the best person for the job. All three candidates have positive and negative issues that may influence their promotion. Lael is being pressured by one manager or another to pick one of the three people; no manager has picked the same individual. The Three candidates are as follows: All the candidates have been "recommended" by someone in upper management. One manager has told her that she should choose Roy. Her immediate supervisor wants her to choose Liz. A third manager wants her to choose Quang Yeh because it will "look good" for him. The person who put her in charge of the decision says that "the wrong decision would not be good, either internally or externally" (Case Study). It is as though everyone wants Lael to choose their person for their own political gains. As an example, her immediate supervisor wants her to choose Liz, not because she is qualified but because she is a female African American. This will look good for the company because she will be the first one to make that level. Another supervisor wants her to choose Roy, not because of his qualifications, but because he has been in the company a long time, has turned down other promotions and now he "deserves" to have the promotion. He infers that if she promotes Roy as a "favor" to him, he "wo nt forget it". This seems to be a threat as much as the first one. Lael is also a good friend to Liz and she has helped her with her child by babysitting and being a friend when her child was in a car accident. To Lael, promoting Liz might meant that she was playing favorites. Part of the dilemma is that

Fashion Brand Management Rizla Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Fashion Brand Management Rizla - Essay Example The essay "Fashion Brand Management Rizla" talks about the Rizla Brand Management. According to David Aaker (author of BRAND PORTFOLIO STRATEGY, 2004), a pervasive lack of understanding of the role of brands in a company's success is wreaking havoc on companies' bottom lines. Subsequently, many companies fail to make the most of their brand portfolios. This trend can be reversed to revitalise brands to support growth. Rizla held an exclusive gig by a five piece Brazilian electro-rock band called CSS. The Rizla-inspired event also featured a special guest performance by the legendary Jarvis Cocker. The objective was to position Rizla as an innovative brand, targeting the 18-24 year olds; a strategy invoked to identify Rizla as a brand, with the music crazy younger generation. This is brand equity. Interbrand is a leading brand consultancy that was founded in London in 1974. Interbrand combines a rigorous brand strategy and analysis of management consulting practices with the entrepren eurial and creative spirit of branding and design. It offers a comprehensive array of consulting services that help in the creation, enhancement, maintenance and valuation of a client’s most valuable asset, their brands. Unlike other brand value league tables, Interbrand relies not on just a single source for evaluating a brand, but refers to a wide array of primary and secondary sources that are applicable to each brand, such as Datamonitor, ACNielsen, Gartner, and Hall & Partners. Interbrand engages its network.... Interbrand combines a rigorous brand strategy and analysis of management consulting practices with the entrepreneurial and creative spirit of branding and design. It offers a comprehensive array of consulting services that help in the creation, enhancement, maintenance and valuation of a client's most valuable asset, their brands. Unlike other brand value league tables, Interbrand relies not on just a single source for evaluating a brand, but refers to a wide array of primary and secondary sources that are applicable to each brand, such as Datamonitor, ACNielsen, Gartner, and Hall & Partners. Moreover, Interbrand engages its network of brand valuation experts from offices around the world to ensure that the league table considers the brands from a global perspective (Interbrand, 2006). Brands are tools used to project a product in the minds of the consumer. They exist mainly by virtue of a continuous process concerned with delivering a cluster of values, interpreted and internalised by customers in such a way that it enhances its existence. The feedback that an organisation receives determines the likelihood of brand success (De Chernatony, Ch.2, p.14, 2000). An important aspect in managing contemporary fashion business is supply chain management. Once an order is placed, the manufactured product needs to reach the designated store or consumer. Retail environment constantly undergoes changes, and unless the product reaches the wholesaler or retailer on time, it could have severe economic and consumer pressure. Market responsiveness and meeting the demands of the ultimate consumer are major reasons for success in fashion. The fashion industry ranks fourth largest in the UK today. The end of the world war changed the face of

Directors Duties under the Companies Act 2006

Directors Duties under the Companies Act 2006 Executive Summary This paper explains about the directors’ duties that is implemented in the Companies Act 2006. It is significant that every director have to act within the legal principles in order to prevent any dispute from company’s interest with their personal interest. In the Companies Act 2006, there are several duties that every director has to act with the duties that are provided in Section 171 to Section 177. However, the directors did not put the duties into practice when carrying their responsibility as a director in a company. As a result, it has caused a great impact to many aspects such as employment rate, economy and others. Question 1 Introduction: Directors’ Duties in Companies Act 2006 In this modern globalization, every company must have at least one director for non-public listed company and at least two directors for public listed company as it had mentioned under the Companies Act 2006 in Section 154 (Davies, 2007). The reason of having a director in each company is to represent the company to act due to the ‘artificial’ legal entities of the company. In a company, the directors are the persons who represents its owners to manage and solve the problems of a company. According to the Cornell University Law School (2015), the directors of a company are called as fiduciaries because they are owing the fiduciary duties of the company while the people who owes the fiduciary duties is called as principal. Fiduciary duty is a legitimate obligation where it act exclusively in another party’s interest, which is the company where the fiduciaries are representing of. In the legal systems of United Kingdom, fiduciary duty is the most rigorous duty of ca re and duty of loyalty because the fiduciaries have to obey the duty that had implemented to prevent themselves from any irreconcilable circumstances with their principals or with different fiduciaries’ customers. In order to prevent conflict of interest, the Companies Act 2006 has implemented several fiduciary duties to the company’s director that has mentioned in sections 171 to 177. Directors’ duties in Companies Act 2006 In the Company Act 2006, there are several directors’ duties that are necessary for a director to act when carrying the responsibility of its position in a company, which is duty to act within their powers, duty to exercise independent judgement as well as duty to avoid conflicts of interest. 2.1 Duty to Act within Powers This is one of the most important duties that every directors of a company should act on. This duty requires the directors to perform their authority accordingly with the rights they have assigned by the company and utilise it in a proper purpose to give the best interests to the company. It is stated in the Section 171 of Companies Act 2006 that: A director of a company must act in accordance with the company’s constitution, and only exercise powers for the purposes for which they are conferred. Davies (2007) explains that the directors of the company are required to take after all the directions with reference to how the company’s undertakings ought to be sorted out and regulated that are set down in the company’s constitution in order to agree with any constraints that is set down in the constitution on what exercises an organization might legitimately participate. In the Section 171 (b), he explains that the directors’ powers should be utilized just for the proper purposes doctrine. This is to deal with the directors’ affairs by implement those powers that the company wish in order to avoid any conflicts with the company. Unfortunately, the directors have abuse their powers and their acts are not in line with the company’s constitution. This matter is clearly seen in the case of Hogg v Cramphorn Ltd[1], where it concerns about the distribution of shares by the directors of Cramphorn Ltd in order to avoid a take-over in the honest belief as they believe that the take-over would not be in the interest of the company and they want to protect their position as a director in the board of directors. As a result, Mr Hogg, one of the shareholder of the company sued the directors for being misused of their powers accordingly and the new distribution of shares was not legally distributed, so the court announced that this distribution of new shares are invalid (Lawteacher, 2015). However, there’s a case in Western Australia, which is Whitehouse v Carlton Hotels Pty Ltd[2] where Mr. Charles MacDonald Whitehouse is being sued for issuing the shares to his son in order to prevent his former’s wife or daughter to take over the company when he dies. In this case, the High Court of Australia held that Mr Whitehouse does not breach the directors’ duty although he distributed it for improper usage and therefore, the appeal is dismissed with costs (UnistudyGuides, 2013). 2.2 Duty to Exercise Independent Judgement Besides that, the directors must practice this fiduciary duty by using their power autonomously without influence by the other interests. In order to prevent the breach of this duty, the directors have to practice the duty in the Section 173 of Companies Act 2006, whereby they have to act: in accordance with an agreement which has been duly entered into by the company; or in a way authorised by the company’s constitution. In this fiduciary duty, it does not mean to give powers on the directors to delegate or avoid them from utilizing the power that is given by the company’s constitution to delegate. According to the Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators (2015), the directors have to ensure that they will give the best interest entirely for its own company and shareholders instead of their own interests offered by the third party. Also, the directors of the company are allowed to consult other professions for the legal advice but, the final decision has to be judge independently by themselves. It is clearly seen in the case of Fulham Football Club Ltd. v Cabra Estates plc[3] that the directors did not exercise their powers accordingly with its independent judgement. This is happened where the Hammersmith and Fulham Borough Council consented to an agreement to expand the Craven Cottage, the football ground for housing purposes and assure that they will not restrict the advancement at a later date or bolster a compulsory purchase order. As a result, the directors of Fulham Football Club were held that they breached the duty of exercising independent judgement because they had not restricted the future exercise of their discretion accordingly (Quizlet, 2015). As mentioned in the AustLII (2015), the directors of the organization in the case of Thorby v Goldberg[4] was held by the High Court of Australia that they did not fetter on their discretion upon the interest of the organization in entering into a contract. 2.3 Duty to Avoid Conflicts of Interest Moreover, this directors are put into practice with this duty in order to dodge in a circumstances where a director can obtain either a direct or an indirect benefits from the conflict with the company’s interests. In conjunction of this, the Section 175 of Companies Act 2006 has clearly mentioned that this duty is not violated if: the situation cannot reasonably be regarded as likely to give rise to a conflict of interest; or the matter has been authorised by the directors. Based on the Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators (2015), the breach of this duty is applied when the directors take advantages from the third party in terms of property, unofficial information and opportunities. At the same time, it is not a breach of duty in a circumstance that it is arise unreasonably or it has been approved by the directors. Unfortunately, the directors always face the conflict of interest with the competitor, major shareholder, or a supplier and it has been increasing from years to years. This is because the Act does not explained clearly on what is â€Å"interest† or the â€Å"conflict of interest† means. This issue has showed clearly in the case of Boardman v Phipps[5] where Mr Broadman and Tom Phipps buy the company shares with the acknowledgement of Mr Fox as they believe that they could turn the company around. Nevertheless, Mr Broadman and Tom Phipps did not entirely acquired to all beneficiaries and they have made a great pr ofit with Mr Fox. As a result Johnn Phipps has sued them for breaching the duty to avoid conflicts of interest (Webstroke Law, 2014). In Australia, the directors are also charge for breaching this duty, which is stated in the case of Chan v Zacharia [6]where the High Court of Australia was held that Dr Chan has breached the duty. This is because Dr Chan acted in his personal interest instead of legitimate the interest of the partnership as a whole (Oxbridge Notes, 2014). Conclusion: Prevention rather than cure? In conclusion, it is essential for every directors to act within the directors’ duties that is stated in the Companies Act 2006 to ensure that they do not breach the duty when carry out their responsibility to a company. There are several duties that is important among all of the directors’ duties, which is the duty to act within powers, duty to exercise independent judgement as well as duty to avoid conflicts of interest. It is mentioned in the LawTeacher (2015) that those directors who have breached the duties will caused the company to have financial losses and at the same time, the directors will also be charged for such as imprisonment, fines, and commercial consequences. The directors will also be barred from its position under the Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986 in the Section 6 if they breach the directors’ duties. In order to prevent the breach of duties rather than cure it, the Corporate Governance is a better system than the directorsâ€⠄¢ duties where the Cadbury Report 1992 states that it is a system where the companies are controlled and directed accordingly (SA Technical, 2012). This has led to more sharpness to the director’s responsibilities where they have the executive responsibilities and monitoring role to prevent the breaching of their duties as a directors. [1] Hogg v Cramphorn Ltd. [1967] Ch 254, Chancery Division [2] Whitehouse v Carlton Hotels Pty Ltd. [1987] 162 CLR 285 [3] Fulham Football Club Ltd. V Cabra Estates plc [1992] BCC 863 [4] Thorby v Goldberg [1964] HCA 41; (1964) 112 CLR 597 [5] Boardman v Phipps [1966] UKHL 2 [6] Kak Loui Chan v John Zacharia [1984] 58 ALJR 353

Development through life stages Essay

Discuss the nature-nurture debate in relation to the development of the individual (M1) & Evaluate how nature and nurture may affect the physical, intellectual, emotional and social development of two stages of the development of the individual (D1). Nature can be loosely defined as genetic inheritance or the genetic makeup (the information encoded in your genes) which a person inherits from both parents at the time of conception and carries throughout life. Several things in an individual genetically inherits include; ranging from gender, eye colour, risks for certain diseases and exceptional talents to height. The concept of nature thus refers to biologically inherited tendencies and abilities that people have and which may get revealed later on as they grow up. Nurture can be defined as the different environmental factors to which a person is subjected from birth to death. There are many environmental factors. They include both physical environments and social environments. Some t heorists believe that people behave as they do according to genetic predispositions or even because of ‘animal instincts.’ This is known as the ‘nature’ theory of human behaviour. Other theorists believe that people think and behave in certain ways because they are taught to do so. This is known as the ‘nurture’ theory of human behaviour. (www.yourenglishlessons.wordpress.com) Nature refers to the inherited (genetic) characteristics and tendencies that influence development. Some inherited characteristics appear in virtually everyone. All children have a set of universal human genes that, when coupled with a reasonable environment, permit them to develop as reasonably capable members of the human species. Inherited characteristics and tendencies are not always evident at birth. Many physical features emerge gradually through the process of maturation, the genetically guided changes that occur over the course of development. Environmental support, and responsive care from others, is necessary for maturation to take place. Children’s experiences in the environment affect all aspects of their being, for example the health of their bodies or the curiosity of their minds. Nurture affects children’s development in many ways. With good environmental support, children thrive. Unfortunately, the conditions of nurture are not always nurturing. For example, children who grow up in an abusive family must look outside the family for stable, affectionate care. It is known that your genetics determine what you will look like and even your height. However your height  and looks can be changed if a person doesn’t eat properly or are in an accident. People can become anorexic, obese, anaemic etc. And all of these can affect how a person looks and their height. If a child is malnourished then this can cause their growth to deteriorate and they may develop problems like rickets. By looking at adoption studies it is shown that identical twins share similar intelligence whether they are brought up together or not. With this data we can make an argument that genetics has a greater influence in the intelligence of identical twins as well as the environment. Your IQ which is determined by your genes can also be af fected by the environment around an individual. If a person has not got as good school opportunities as another person with the same determined IQ, if they perhaps cannot go to a good as school as them or if their teachers are not as good as the other then they’re IQ will not be as developed as the other person which means that nurture also plays a part in a person’s IQ. (www.boundless.com) However in recent years there has been a growing realization that the question of â€Å"how much† behaviour is due to heredity and â€Å"how much† to environment may itself be the wrong question. Take intelligence as an example. Like almost all types of human behaviour it is a complex, many-sided phenomenon which reveals itself (or not!) in a great variety of ways. The â€Å"how much† question assumes that the variables can all be expressed numerically and that the issue can be resolved in a quantitative manner. The reality is that nature and culture interact in a host of qualitatively different ways. (McLeod 2007) Nature vs. nurture could refer to really intelligent people. One reason given for their being so gifted at learning and acquiring information might be that it’s in their genes. They have really intelligent parents; a high IQ†¦ i.e. their genetic makeup has enabled them to be intelligent. And likewise, you might argue the opposite for very u nintelligent people. (Nature) Whereas some people might argue that it’s how that person is raised. The child’s parents gave him all kinds of means to learn with, or encouraged his education from an early age, etc. The ‘less intelligent’ child’s parents, on the other hand, kicked him outside all day, kept him from school, called him stupid, etc. (Nurture) In my opinion, both nature and nurture have an effect on the development of an individual. Having read both sides, I personally believe that indeed nature does have a significant impact on the holistic development of the  individual. In my opinion, our personalities are related to our genetics. I have a very similar temperament to my father, which supports my view. My sister on the other hand, has a temperament which is very similar to my mum’s. Also, I believe that our intelligence is genetically driven. Some people are naturally more intelligent than others and this cannot be disputed. Of course, nurture with regards to intelligence and personality is also important. If a child experiences a lack of support with their education, they may not perform to the best of their ability. With that being said however, the level of support that the child receives does not actually alter their natural ability. Also, an individual may suffer a negative experience in their upbringing. This may result in their development being ‘altered’ or ‘different.’ Peer pressure also exists and therefore we must consider all of these extra factors regarding the development of individuals. Researchers have uncovered convincing links between parenting styles and the effects these styles have on children. During the early 1960’s, psychologist Diana Baumrind conducted a study on more than 100 preschool-age children (Baumrid, D. (1967) child-care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behaviour. Genetic psychology monographs, 75, 43-88). Using naturalistic observation, parental interviews and other research methods, she identified four important dimensions of parenting; disciplinary strategies, warmth and nurturance, communication styles and expectations of maturity and control. Based on these dimensions, Baumrind suggested that the majority of parents display one of three different parenting styles. Further research by Maccoby also suggested the addition of a fourth parenting style (Maccoby, E.E. (1992). The role of parents in the socialization of children: An historical overview. Developmental psychology, 28, 1006-1017) The four parenting styles are: Authoritarian parenting: in this style of parenting, children are expected to follow the strict rules established by the parents. Failure to follow such rules usually results in punishment. Authoritarian parents fail to explain the reasoning behind these rules. If asked to explain, the parent might simply reply, ‘because I said so.’ These parents have high demands, but are not responsive to their children. Authoritarian parenting styles generally  lead to children who are obedient and proficient, but they rank lower happiness, social competence and self-esteem. Authoritative parenting: like authoritarian parents, those with an authoritative parenting style establish rules and guidelines that their children are expected to follow. However, this parenting style is much more democratic. Authoritative parents are responsive to their children and willing to listen to questions. When children fail to meet the expectations, the parents are more nurturing and forgiving rather than punishing. Authoritative parenting styles tend to result in children who are happy, capable and successful (Maccoby, 1992.) Permissive parenting: permissive parents, sometimes referred to as indulgent parents, have very few demands to make of their children. These parents rarely discipline their children because they have relatively low expectations of maturity and self-control. According to Baumrind, permissive parents ‘’are more responsive than they are demanding. They are non-traditional and lenient, do not require mature behaviour, allow considerable self-regulation, and avoid confrontation’’ (1991). Permissive parents are generally nurturing and communicative with their children, often taking on the status of a friend more than that of a parent. Permissive parenting often results in children who rank low in happiness and self-regulation. These children are more likely to experience problems with authority and tend to perform poorly in school. Uninvolved parenting: An uninvolved parenting style is characterized by few demands, low responsiveness and little communication. While these parents fulfil the child’s basic needs, they are generally detached from their child’s life. In extreme cases, these parents may even reject or neglect the needs of their children. Uninvolved parenting styles rank lowest across all life domains. These children tend to lack self-control, have low self-esteem and are less competent than their peers. It is extremely important for a parent to demonstrate good parenting skills. How parents interact with their child affects their development in a significant way. How a child is brought up could affect the child’s social skills, they could turn out to be too shy, suffer anxiety, get nervous around people or even become mute depending on their situations at home. If a child is bought up in a home with violence, they could grow up thinking that it is the normal thing to do. Similarly, if a child is brought up in a very stable and loving household, this could  enable them to be happier and enjoy life more and this could also help bring out their personality and feelings. I believe that this suggests that a person’s personality does take an effect on how they deal with their environmental surroundings and the person that they will grow to become. Nurture can significantly impact an adult’s emotional and social development. If someone was treated badly as a child, this may reflect on their personality and behaviour as an adult. The individual may be withdrawn and depressed. This could be caused by the negative experiences they had in their childhood. Also, if an adult is obese it may be as a result of nurture. If a child is brought up being allowed to eat nothing but junk food, they will consider this type of eating as ‘normal’. As a result of this, nurture has a significant impact on the physical development of a child and indeed an adult, with regards to obesity. We could argue however, that obesity is genetic and that is where nature is to blame. In a study that included more than 5,000 identical and non-identical twin pairs, researchers found heredity to be a much bigger predictor of childhood obesity than lifestyle. They concluded that three-quarters of a child’s risk for becoming overweight is due to genetic influences, while just under a quarter of risk can be attributed to en vironment. Either way, both nature and nurture can have an impact on the physical development of an individual. (www.webmd.co.uk) I believe that if a child has grown up in a ‘rough area’ then it will be more likely that they might get into trouble with the police, in school etc. This may be because they have seen older children or maybe even adults do something they shouldn’t and this influences them to do the same. Drink and drugs may influence antisocial behaviour. If antisocial behaviour is seen as normal you may end up repeating the cycle. However, it is the parent’s responsibility to make sure that their child is safe. Therefore, I believe that environmental factors can change how a child behaves depending for example on where they live and what kind of people they are exposed to. I personally do not believe there is a correct answer to this debate. There is no way to prove how much influence each has in forming who we are, so we have to rely on logic and researc h that has been conducted regarding the issue. But each side has different interpretations of what evidence is available. I do believe however, that both nature and nurture play a significant part in our personal development but I believe  that they are equally as important, there is no ‘better’ theory. I believe that you are born with certain genetic traits and predispositions which influence how you react to your environment. Your environment shapes the person you are because it presents you with choices, challenges, and opportunities. Your genetic traits provide you with strengths and weaknesses. It is how you utilize those strengths to overcome the challenges, and take advantage of the opportunities, and of course the choices that you make that ultimately make you who you are. How does nature/nurture affect the development of Miya at 5 years old? Nature has a significant impact on the physical, intellectual, emotional and social development of Miya. During this stage of childhood, Miya will be going through a p eriod of growth. Miya’s physical development will be determined by her genes and this cannot be controlled. Growth is pre-determined by nature and therefore, it cannot be changed or stopped. Nurture also has a significant impact on Miya’s holistic development during this stage of her life. Parenting has a huge impact on her intellectual, emotional and social development. If Miya is fed a lot of junk food by her parents, then nurture would be responsible for her becoming overweight. Unless Miya is genetically programmed to become overweight, this would be at the fault of her parents for allowing her to eat too many unhealthy foods, and not providing her with a balanced diet. Also, nurture will impact significantly on Miya’s intellectual development. If she is encouraged to complete her homework e.g. by doing reading or simple maths with her parents, Miya will benefit intellectually. Also, if Miya’s parents did not take the time to do these activities with Miya her intellectual development may negatively be affected by nurture. In terms of emotional and social developmen t, nurture is significantly important at this stage of Miya’s life. If Miya is shown love, she will feel emotionally secure and accepted by her parents. Miya will be able to trust her parents and will expect affection and love from others if she is used to getting that at home. On the other hand however, if Miya experiences abuse from her parents, this can have devastating consequences on her emotional and social development both at this stage in her life and in the future. If Miya experiences abuse, she may have problems trusting people and this could continue on to her adulthood. How does nature/nurture affect the development of Miya at 14 years old? Nature/ Nurture have a  significant impact on Miya’s physical, intellectual, emotional and social development during this stage of the lifespan. In terms of her physical development, Miya will be going through puberty during this stage of her life. Puberty is controlled by nature. Puberty is genetically programmed, Miya cannot change that puberty will happen as it is determined by nature; the individual cannot change that it will eventually occur. Nature also affects Miya’s intellectual development. Miya will have a specific IQ which will determine her natural intelligence. Of course, through nurture, Miya can make the most of her IQ e.g. by encouragement to study, parents providing resources etc. but, her IQ cannot actually be changed as it is determined by nature. Miya’s IQ will be developed by nature, but it will be supported through the nurture she receives in her life. For example, by her parents and teachers supporting her to achieve her best possible outcomes in school. Nurture will have a major impact on the emotional and social development of Miya. During this time, peer pressure and the influence of her friends will be huge. As a result of peer pressure, Miya may engage in activities that she otherwise may not have considered (drinking, drugs etc.) With regards to her development, this may have a negative impact as Miya will most likely not be truly happy with the decisions she makes. The internet and social media will also have a significant impact on the development of Miya both socially and emotionally. Facebook will be a very important part of Miya’s life as she will want to keep in contact with friends by using this social networking site. If Miya uses Facebook correctly, it could be a positive experience. However, sometimes Facebook can result in bullying which could negatively impact on her social and emotional development at this point in her life. Nurture can also have an impact on the type of friends Miya may have. If Miya’s parents are strict, they may choose who she is allowed to/ not allowed to be friends with. This will affect Miya’s emotional and social development. If Miya is not allowed to socialise with certain people, she may become upset with the decisions her parents have made for her. Miya may rebel against her parents if she feels she hasn’t got enough freedom. If her parents are too strict, she may withdraw from talking to them as she might feel they will ‘judge’ her. As a result of this, Miya may not discuss concerns/worries she has and this could have a very negative impact on her emotional development. On the other hand  however, if Miya’s parents set reasonable boundaries the relationship may be better. Miya may feel more comfortable talking to her parents if they are not too strict. Also, Miya may be happier socially too. If she is allowed to socialise with who she wants, she will not feel the need to rebel against the restrictions that her parents create. References: McLeod, S. A. (2007). Nature Nurture in Psychology. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/naturevsnurture.html (accessed 17/11/14) https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/intelligence-11/measuring-intelligence-62/genetic-and-environmental-impacts-on-intelligence-243-12778/) (accessed 19/11/14) http://yourenglishlessons.wordpress.com/2009/10/25/nature-vs-nurture-are-we-really-born-that-way/ (accessed 19/11/14) http://www.webmd.co.uk/children/news/20080211/nature-trumps-nurture-in-child-obesity (accessed 24/11/14)