Freedom of Speech The Engel Vs Vitale Case Essay example

Freedom of speech was a big topic spoken about in the 1950’s and even today. Schools in the 1950’s had to recite a specific prayer every morning in school not like today. Students had to recite the â€Å"twenty two word regents prayer†. The Engel Vs Vitale case has to do with separation of church and state, meaning that there should be a separation between peoples views on religious freedom and the government. In the first amendment, Thomas Jefferson introduced this law and rule during the colonies but then this later evolved into the United States, where into the 1950’s became a huge debate on who was right and who was wrong. The Supreme Court case Engel v. Vitale expanded the rights of Americans because the Supreme Court ruled in favor of†¦show more content†¦Petitions were filed and New York State upheld the case and then sent it to the Supreme Court(Britannica School High paragraph 2). A couple of the families were Jewish, another family was atheist, one parent was Unitarian and the last parent was of an ethical culture society. The Parents were to believe that the school was violating the first amendment of the constitution and this was not right; that according to Thomas Jefferson there should be a separation of state and church. Never before had the public school board been argued against with prayer like issues ( Haas, pg 7-20). The Supreme court case started in 1959 and ended in 1962, surprising the whole nation. One of the most historic most remembered cases was announced on June 25th, 1962 giving a lot of people anxiety and releasing a lot of stress. The voting came out to six votes to one vote in favor of Engel and the students ending the eight second prayer called the â€Å"Regents Prayer†. 2 votes were unsolicited, because Justice Byron R. White was a new Justice and did not think it was right to vote right on admittance to the system. The other vote was not taken by Justice Felix Frankfurter because he was about to retire, due to old age andShow MoreRelatedIntent of the Framers1628 Words   |  7 Pagesintent of the freedom of speech, freedom of religion, right to privacy, and criminals’ rights. I will explain current views of the provisions of freedom of speech, freedom of religion, right to privacy, and criminals’ rights. I will assess which events and opinions have changed the intent of each of these provisions over time. I will evaluate the effects of Supreme C ourt decisions related to these provisions and express consideration for the future of these provisions. Freedom of speech is part ofRead MoreUs Bill of Rights First Amendment1740 Words   |  7 PagesU.S. Supreme Court Cases that challenged the â€Å"First Amendment.† The â€Å"First Amendment† includes the Right to Choose Ones Religion, and does not allow the government to create any laws in respect to establishing a religion. The â€Å"First Amendment† also includes the rights to, Freedom of Speech, Freedom of the Press, Right to Assemble and Petition the Government to address Citizen’s Grievances. Here is a summary of three important and controversial â€Å"U.S. Supreme Court Cases.† All of which posedRead MoreThe Civil Liberties Of The United States Essay1513 Words   |  7 PagesCivil liberties is the individual rights and freedoms that government is obliged to protect, normally by not interfering in the exercise of these rights and freedoms. However, over the years the rights for the people have either have become open and free or it has become restrictive. The bill of rights in terms of scope in civil liberties protection has changed by three paths such three paths are increased in authority of federal government, the Supreme court shifted its interpretation of constitutionalRead More1st and 2nd Amendment1723 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ The First and Second Amendments of the United States Constitution On September 25, 1789, The Bill Of Rights was submitted to the states for approval, based on the previous Constitutions insufficient assurances for civil freedom, liberties and justice. Concerned that the Constitution neglected to clearly state the basic civil rights of the citizens of the United States, Anti- Federalists opposed the Articles of Confederations, which gave state governments more authority (â€Å"Bill of Rights, n.dRead MorePrayer in Public Schools894 Words   |  4 Pagesdifficult to bring forth any kind of change that will bridge the gap between school and religion. There have been several attempts over the years to use the power of the first amendment of the United States constitution which expresses the right to freedom of speech and religion to justify prayer in schools. Although the first amendment clearly sets out to protect religion from government intervention, the U.S Supreme court has ruled prayer in public school â€Å"unconstitutional† because it violates the separationRead MoreThe First Ammendment and Dealing with the Separation of Church and State1741 Words   |  7 Pagespersonal freedoms in the United States has been significantly important (Klinker, 1991: 109). The original Constitution did not contain a bill of rights because the convention delegates felt that individual rights were in no danger and would be protected by the states. However, the lack of a bill of rights was the strongest objection to the ratification of the Constitution (Klinker:109-110). Even in the early stages of American history there was an urge to put legally protected freedoms into writtenRead MoreAp Government Chapter 15 Study Guide1893 Words   |  8 Pagesreferred to as â€Å"negative rights†) are freedoms that are guaranteed to an individual. These are restraints on the gov. Civil liberties declare what the government cannot do. d. Civil rights (â€Å"positive rights†) are powers and privileges that are guaranteed to the individual and protected against arbitrary removal at the hands of the gov or individuals. Like the right to vote or free expression and stuff. 3. The First Amendment guarantees freedom of religion in two clauses: e. TheRead More Prayer in Public School Essay3032 Words   |  13 Pagesschool, despite the fact that prayer is actually substantial. The First Amendment of the U.S Constitution states Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for the redress of grievances (Greenberg). This first amendment protects both believers and nonbelievers from government interference in theirRead MoreThe Supreme Law Of The Land1989 Words   |  8 Pagesor original understanding of its provisions, betray the rule of law and make a mockery of their oath of fidelity to the Constitution. Justice Scalia was the epitome of an originalist. He was known for his colorful but bold dissenting opinions in cases which usually included a debate about inalienable rights. As mention earlier Scalia believed many judges gave citizens rights which they were not granted by the United States Constitution. For example: Roe v. Wade, the Court ruled in a majori ty opinionRead MoreThe Separate But Equal Doctrine Is Plessy V. Ferguson Essay2095 Words   |  9 Pagesthe American society were that (1) schools were segregated,(2) the whites finally accepted the equality of African Americans, (3) the American society was changed forever after this case, (4) the whole U.S. acts differently towards cases that involve mixed genders now, and (5) Strict laws were changed because of this case. B. Separate but equal was a legal doctrine in United States constitutional law according to which racial segregation did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States

Reality Television Program - 1229 Words

When people turn on their televisions at home or they are watching television somewhere else, they will possibly find a reality show somewhere. Reality television shows have been on television for numerous years and are changing. Although reality television is wildly entertaining and popular, many young teens and adults look up to their favorite reality show actors and their lavish lifestyles and overdramatic antics. People who watch reality television regularly have different expectations and views on how the world actually works and feel differently about themselves. People follow their favorite reality show stars and it makes them want to change and leaving the rest of us wondering what reality actually is. Reality television isn’t real†¦show more content†¦Reality television only shows what viewers want to see and is dishonest and distorts the truth about reality. After years celebrity Kate Gosselin has been attacked for everything she did and does. People magazin e says â€Å"When the show melted down along with the Gosselin marriage after Jon was caught partying with other women, the twins – 10 years old at the time – were old enough to grasp that their world had been shattered† (Coyne 58). This statement shows that reality television brings fighting and divorce to families in reality television. Reality television shows unreal situations and make people start to fight and change. â€Å"A study found that people who watched reality television of the surveillance docu-drama variety (as opposed to competition shows) were more likely to believe that relationship drama is normal and to overestimate the amount of bad behavior – such as gossiping – that women engage in† (O’mara 2).When reality television shows problems, those problems start to happen in our society because people see it on television and want to be like reality stars. Reality television gives off social behaviors to the world. It gives a bad influence to children who use actors as their role models. Reality star actors will do anything for popularity, publicity, and fame. Reality television makes children think they don’t have to study hard or trainShow MoreRelatedReality Television Programs Essay676 Words   |  3 Pagesaround the world have discovered that so called â€Å"Reality Television† programs are the key to maximising viewer bases and therefore profits. It is undisputed that Reality Television makes money. This has resulted in immense amounts of these programs being plastered across our screens. While these programs line the pockets of producers and companies, they are not necessarily beneficial to their audiences and the society we live in. Reality Television programs of today promote schadenfreude, which is â€Å"theRead MoreReality Television Economic Factors And The Production Of Television Programs Essay1372 Words   |  6 Pagesï‚ § Reality Television Economic Factors How many factors are part of the production of television programs in reality. When we feel pressure to provide the display, the producer will make money, this is how the process works, to assess the social structure in the media are suitable. I have found that, in this season, the main impact of the huge influx of reality TV show based on information from the actors, writers strike, advertisers trying to reach a large part of the total population, and theRead MoreThe Reality Of Television Programs960 Words   |  4 PagesToday’s television programs are very different from the television programs that were shown over fifty years ago. The shows in the past portrayed a modest conservative family. These families consist of a hardworking man and a stay at home woman, married raising their own biological children. As the years went by, television has started to portray a more liberal definition of what a family means in today’s world. Because of today’s TV shows, th ere are different ideas about what a family should lookRead MoreThe Reality Of British Television Programs1835 Words   |  8 Pages When thinking of British television programs, it is impossible for one not to think of the international hit, Doctor Who. Originally debuting in 1963 under the British Broadcasting Corporation, Doctor Who included an upperclass white male playing the lead character along side another white male and two white females. Doctor Who aired during the 1960’s when Great Britain was still recovering from the destruction of World War II and was also facing the reality that they were not the world powerRead MoreReality Tv1076 Words   |  5 Pagesthe media, reality TV stars like Snooki and Kim Kardashian are on the rise. Most channels on television have at least one reality show, from following housewives to remodeling homes of real life families. However, there are some reality programs that display bad examples, especially for young audiences that are keeping up with each episode. On MTV people see girls being drunk in public, addicts doing drugs, and young girls raising babies at yo ung ages; these are situations seen on reality TV showsRead MoreEssay on Argument Against Reality Television852 Words   |  4 Pagesthemselves in the name of television? Media both in the UK and around the world seem to have discovered that so-called reality shows are very profitable, resulting in a growing string of such shows in recent years. Although not all are successful, many do achieve significant popularity and cultural prominence. That does not mean, however, that they are good for society or that they should be aired. Can you honestly say, that after absorbing the reality rubbish, you have Read MoreChoosing Reality 1149 Words   |  5 PagesWhat we as a society watch on television really depends on the choices we make. George F. Will writes in his article â€Å"Reality Television: Oxymoron† of an increasingly infantilized society, whose moral philosophy is reducible to the celebration of â€Å"choice†, where adults are decreasingly distinguishable from children in their absorption in entertainments. This is a society in which â€Å"choice† exceeds all others and competition improves things. This society is built upon choice in every aspect of lifeRead MoreInfluence of Media and Popular Culture Essay924 Words   |  4 Pagesstereotypes between genders. When people think about Media and popular cultures, reality show is reminded naturally since it is popular throughout America. Media hide many truths from the people, but reality shows need censorship for youths, but some says Reality shows are just for entertaining. Moreover, Rachel Potratz, the author of â€Å"When is Reality Real?: Youth Perceptions of MTV Reality Programs,† said that reality show programs are helping youth to learn about the world by parasocial interaction whenRead More Children And Television Essay1678 Words   |  7 Pagesstrangers enter the home everyday...through the television. Television is in 98% of North American homes and the average Canadian child watches four hours of television every day. Most parents do not realize that their children are watching violence-ridden television programs and that by the age of 18 the average North American child will have viewed over 200,000 acts of television violence. Children should not be allowed to watch viol ent television programs because children are easily desensitized toRead MoreEssay about Media: Making Society Go Downward1172 Words   |  5 PagesIt seems as if it doesn’t take much to amuse us now days. It is apparent that entertainment, specifically television, has changed drastically. All three of the articles discussed the change of television through the years. They all had interesting views and debated well. The article that I chose to discuss is â€Å"Reality television: Oxymoron† by George F. Will. â€Å"America is becoming increasingly desensitized. Entertainment seeking a mass audience is ratcheting up the violence, sexuality, and degradation

The Transformation Of Businesses Into Internet Businesses Essay Example For Students

The Transformation Of Businesses Into Internet Businesses Essay In the early to mid-nineties, a major change began taking place in Americas economy. Technology and innovation became some of the leading factors of success for companies. Companies have been forced to change as the technology introduced around the world changes, and more importantly, they have had to be swift in adapting to change. This new age has commonly been classified as the Information Age or the New Economy.Charles Darwin once said, It is not the strongest of the species that survive, nor the most intelligent, but the ones most responsive to change. This quote is not only true to mankind, but also to any firm that has inspirations of succeeding in this so-called New Economy. The term New Economy refers to a set of qualitative and quantitative changes that, in the last 15 years, have transformed the structure, functioning, and rules of the economy. The New Economy is an economy with a great deal of emphasis placed on a persons ability to create new ideas and adapt to changes i n technology. It is an economy full of uncertainty and risk that has the potential of being very rewarding to a person or company that can most successfully accomplish the objective of innovation. The New Economy has had a great impact on the way companies conduct business, and it will continue to impact businesses for the time to come. In the past, companies depended on marketing their product through various ads in magazines and television, and then going out on the road or via telephone to try and sell their product. With the New Economy, one of the leading ways to market or sell a product is over the Internet. Both Internet marketing and Internet sales will see a great increase over the next couple of years. The Internet, with its enormous potential to increase efficiency and raise productivity, is one of the most critical components of the New Economy. E-commerce has already had, and will continue to have, a great impact on the way business is conducted in the New Economy. The total U.S. Internet economy more than doubled between 1996 and 1997, from $15.5 billion to $38.8 billion.By 2001, the total U.S. Internet economy is projected to be over $350 billion. Business-to-bu siness e-commerce is expected to account for the largest share, $186 billion. Consumer retail activity is expected to emerge more slowly, possibly totaling $18.4 billion in 2001.Fifteen years ago, it would have been difficult to fathom people buying and selling something as simple as books or movies over the Internet. However, in this New Economy you can buy or sell just about anything you want over the Internet. Most of todays largest businesses have Internet sites that either sell or market their product worldwide. In fact, in 1997, 24 percent of U.S. businesses had access to the Internet. That number is projected to be 45 percent by the end of 2001. In the same period, the percentage of businesses with their own Web sites is projected to grow from 5 percent to 30 percent.The business models of most companies have to change with this new era in order for them to remain successful. The New Economy demands an increase in skilled, or educated, workers because of the technological adv ances. The educated workers must possess strong managerial skills and be creative in order to help the company become a leader in product innovation. The advances in technology and the increase in competition have caused the business models to change and become more flexible. Since there has been and increase in competition, it is advantageous for companies to offer customized products to their customers. In order to customize the products, the company must be flexible and be able to adapt to all of the differences required by each customer. .udfd3986586da672a3d1fb040e7ede625 , .udfd3986586da672a3d1fb040e7ede625 .postImageUrl , .udfd3986586da672a3d1fb040e7ede625 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udfd3986586da672a3d1fb040e7ede625 , .udfd3986586da672a3d1fb040e7ede625:hover , .udfd3986586da672a3d1fb040e7ede625:visited , .udfd3986586da672a3d1fb040e7ede625:active { border:0!important; } .udfd3986586da672a3d1fb040e7ede625 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udfd3986586da672a3d1fb040e7ede625 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udfd3986586da672a3d1fb040e7ede625:active , .udfd3986586da672a3d1fb040e7ede625:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udfd3986586da672a3d1fb040e7ede625 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udfd3986586da672a3d1fb040e7ede625 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udfd3986586da672a3d1fb040e7ede625 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udfd3986586da672a3d1fb040e7ede625 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udfd3986586da672a3d1fb040e7ede625:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udfd3986586da672a3d1fb040e7ede625 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udfd3986586da672a3d1fb040e7ede625 .udfd3986586da672a3d1fb040e7ede625-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udfd3986586da672a3d1fb040e7ede625:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Behavioral Aspects of Project Management EssayAnother part of the business model that has changed with this New Economy is the importance of exporting and importing. The New Economy has caused businesses to become more global in their operations, which in turn has lead to competition from all over the world. World exports increased from $1.3 trillion in 1970 to $4.3 trillion in 1995, in constant dollars. And globalization may be about to move up to a new level. Jane Fraser and Jeremy Oppenheim, of the consulting firm McKinsey ; Company, have estimated that the value of the world economy that is globally contestable, which is to say open to global competitors in product, se rvice, or asset ownership markets, will rise from about $4 trillion in 1995 (approximately a seventh of the worlds output) to more than $21 trillion by 2000 (about half of world output). For the U.S., this means international trade and investment play a much greater role in our economic life than before. Twenty years ago, exports and imports made up 17% of our economy. Today, they account for 25%. It is now a competitive requirement that businesses invest all over the globe to access markets, technology, and talent. The increase in foreign direct investment clearly shows the trend toward globalization. The expansion of trade means more competition, which increases the importance of innovation for the success of a company.Another part of the business model that must change is the importance of customer service in a timely manner. Not necessarily answering ones questions, but also responding to changes in the global market. An increase in competition has created an extra importance for companies to own their customers. In order for them to own the customers, the companies must be easily accessible for communication and purchasing as well as being efficient with business transactions. I believe that in the New Economy, e-commerce will be one of the most important facets for a companys success. They must be able to keep up with the ever-changing technology and be a leader in their industry. If a firm does not adapt to the changes required for it to remain competitive, then I feel that it will be engulfed in this current flurry of mergers and acquisitions.

The Charts Below Give Information About Usa Marriage Essay Example For Students

The Charts Below Give Information About Usa Marriage Essay The Charts Below Give Information About Usa Marriage and Divorce Rates Between 1970 and 2000, and the Marital Status of Adult Americans in Two of the Years. Summaries the Information by Selecting and Reporting the Main By limitation Cambridge LILTS 6, page 98 The charts below give information about USA marriage and divorce rates between 1970 and 2000, and the marital status of adult Americans in two of the years. Summaries the information by selecting and reporting the main features, ND make comparisons where relevant. Simple introduction: Paraphrase the question. Use the first chart. the second chart The first bar chart shows changes in the number to marriages and divorces in the LASS, and the second chart shows figures for the marital status of American adults in 1970 and 2000. It is clear that there was a tall in the number of marriages in the USA between 1970 and 2000. The majority of adult Americans ere married in both years, but the proportion of single adults was higher in 2000. We will write a custom essay on The Charts Below Give Information About Usa Marriage specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In 1 970, there were 2. 5 million marriages in the USA and I million divorces, The marriage rate remained stable in 1980, but tell to 2 million by the year 2000. In contrast, the divorce rate peaked in 1980, at nearly I S million divorces, before falling back to 1 million at the end of the period. Around 70% of American adults were married in 1970, but this figure dropped to just under by 2000_ At the name time, the proportion of unmarried people and divorcees rose by about in total. The proportion Of Widowed Americans was slightly lower in 2000. Summary: Describe one main point about each chart (2 sentences) First chart: Compare marriage and divorce rates. Mention 1970, 2000 and anything interesting in between (l mentioned 1980) Second chart: Start by comparing the highest figures (married).

Concepts of Effective Leadership

Concepts of Effective Leadership Meaning of leadership; the characteristics and qualities of effective leaders The success of any corporate body or organisation depends on its leader’s ability to coordinate and manage the utilisation of its resources, for achievement of common organisational goals. Therefore, an effective leader should be able to coordinate and manage all affairs of an organisation, through supplying and setting in an organisation achievable visions and coordinating all employees’ efforts, for purposes of achieving common organisational goals. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts of Effective Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, an effective leader should ensure that, in the long run both an organisation and employees’ goals or needs are achieved. On the other hand, an effective leader is a king leader who provides positive influences to a company. Considering this, effective leadership entails the practice of influencing or coordinating employee’s efforts, for purposes of achieving â€Å"extraordinary† organisational goals. To achieve success beyond the set standards a leader must hold high standards of integrity, be motivating, creative, influential, a good problem solver, and have ability to formulate achievable goals and appropriate communication channels within an organisation. Further, a good leader must be hardworking and have the ability to create a good working environment; environments that will encourage innovativeness and cooperation between all organs of an organisation. Personal Experience For me, the most valuable leadership practice was my initiative to organize and to improve a professional course for the analysts of HNA Group. HNA Group is a large Chinese based company which has developed itself from a single purpose airline company to a diversified corporation across 8 different industries. In 2009, the company planned to expand its territory to the international Hospitality Industry, since the world had suffered a great economic recession, making the value of the entire industry generally low. At the time, I was an analyst and an assistant for the COO of the company and faced a lot of difficult in doing my job when the company started looking for target companies to acquire. Traditionally, a successful investment requires exhaustive financial analysis to understand the target industry and the performance of the target company. It also requires analysts who are suddenly thrust in the new position to evaluate businesses based upon unfamiliar technology and financial system. Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Throughout my research about the hospitality industry, I struggled to grasp the significance of core technologies but did not get the clue, a fact that I discovered was common among colle agues. The investment bankers offered us many valuable options but, without proper researches, the core intelligence team could not convincingly evaluate the options and define the ones that were bests for our company. I thereby realized that the analysis team needs technical support to improve their knowledge. As an analyst, it was hard for me to get enough attention and support from the head of the management team, forcing me to get the information through collecting opinions from my colleagues. Through coordinating with my colleagues I was able to write a business proposal, which provided solutions to the problem to the management team. After analysing the proposal, the management supported the solution plan, because after that the management team arranged a series of seminars that were led by the industry experts of the company. At the beginning of the seminars, the internal experts enlightened us about the nature of the industry and the particular interests of the company; h owever, I soon realized that internal experts were not qualified to teach us about international finance and cross-board acquisition since of their experiences were primarily China-based. In response, my colleges and I started to communicate with other analysts to discover the alternatives. After collecting responses from the analysts, I realized that the most effective alternative for the company was to hire technology consultants from the outside sources, because in this way, the analysts could get more comprehensive and technical knowledge. Although the new solution was good, unlike the old one that was less costly, to implement the new one the company had to incur extra costs. This made it very hard fro the managers to approve it, because it required wide consultation among all top management organs. Therefore, I decided to make a complete proposal to the managers to convince them that the company needed expensive alternative to help the analysts perform their duties effective ly. To make sure that I had the necessary convincing power, I also consulted with my superiors who were very beneficial in helping me to improve my convincing power. Through persuasion, the management team approved my alternative plan, after reviewing the analysts’ responses about the seminars and my research on the alternatives. Using my colleague’s comments and the managers’ evaluation report, the external experts greatly improved the company’s ability to analyze target companies as well as advised the managers more intelligently on how to enhance their practise.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts of Effective Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Areas I Plan to Develop This experience made me to acknowledge that, communication is a very important component of any organisation; because it is through communication that one can pass any message they want to pass effectively, for purposes of winning the confidence of others. This is something I realised, because of the difficulties that I faced in selling my expensive alternative to the management. In addition, to the significance of communication, I also learnt the significance of developing solid professional relationships with workmates. Therefore to enhance my communication and convincing skills, I intend to do more researches on how to become an effective business communicator and learn more about the art of writing and presenting convincing business proposals.

Vygotsky Scaffolding What It Is and How to Use It

Vygotsky Scaffolding What It Is and How to Use It SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re an educator or have a student in school, you may have heard of the concept Vygotsky scaffolding. It may sound like a construction term, but Vygotsky scaffolding and the related concept of the zone of proximal development are teaching methods that can help students learn much more information much more quickly than they would with traditional instruction. However, Vygotsky scaffolding is only effective if you know how to properly implement it; otherwise it can actually hinder a student’s learning.Read this guide to learn what scaffolding and the zone of proximal development are, what the scaffolding psychology is, if studies have found these teaching methods to be effective, and how you can use these methods in the classroom to promote learning. What Is Instructional Scaffolding? Instructional scaffolding, also known as â€Å"Vygotsky scaffolding† or just â€Å"scaffolding,† is a teaching method that helps students learn more by working with a teacher or a more advanced student to achieve their learning goals. The theory behind instructional scaffolding is that, compared to learning independently, students learn more when collaborating with others who have a wider range of skills and knowledge than the student currently does.These instructors or peers are the â€Å"scaffolding† who help the student expand her learning boundaries and learn more than she would be able to on her own. Vygotsky scaffolding is part of the education concept â€Å"zone of proximal development† or ZPD.The ZPD is the set of skills or knowledge a student can’t do on her own but can do with the help or guidance of someone else. It’s the skill level just above where the student currently is. ZPD is often depicted as a series of concentric circles. The smallest circle is the set of skills a student can learn on her own, without any help. Next is the ZPD, or skills a student wouldn’t be able to do on her own, but can do with a teacher or peer helping her. Beyond that are skills the student can’t do yet, even with help. For example, say there is a kindergartner who is learning how to read and write. He knows all the letters of the alphabet, but he can’t yet read or write words. No matter how much guidance he was given, he could never read a novel on his own at this point, but with a teacher’s help, he can learn how to read and write short words like â€Å"at,† â€Å"boy† and â€Å"dog† because this skill is within is ZPD. It would have taken him much longer to learn this skill on his own, but it’s still simple enough that he can understand it if he has someone to explain it to him.The student’s ZPD is reading and writing short words, and the teacher who helps him learn them is the scaffolding. Proponents of ZPD and instructional scaffolding believe they are highly effective ways to maximize a student’s learning. Scaffolding can be used to help a person of any age learn something new, but in the classroom it is most often used with younger students (preschool and elementary school) since they are learning new skills and concepts they haven't been exposed to before most frequently. What’s the History Behind Vygotsky Scaffolding? Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) was a Soviet psychologist who coined the term â€Å"zone of proximal development† and conducted many studies that led to instructional scaffolding. This is why the concept is often referred to as â€Å"Vygotsky scaffolding.† Vygotsky focused his work on developmental psychology, and it was in the 1920s and early 1930s, towards the end of his career, that he developed the concept of ZPD. Vygotsky believed that educators should help students learn within their ZPD so that they can increase their skills and knowledge without becoming frustrated by things that are currently too difficult for them to accomplish. Vygotsky came up with the idea of ZPD after extensive studying of how young children learn and the effectiveness of different teaching methods. He found that individual knowledge-based tests are often an inaccurate way to measure a young student’s intelligence since children need to interact with others who are more intelligent than they currently are in order to learn. He cited many examples of cultures where young children are taught new skills and knowledge passed down by older generations. For example, when infants are learning how to walk, they often start by holding onto the clothes or hands of an adult or older child, who guides them. The infant will continue to do this until they have enough skills and strength to walk on their own. This way they’re able to learn to walk much faster than if they were expected to learn without being able to hold onto anything. Vygotsky instead believed that the proper way to test young students was to test their ability to solve problems both independently and with the help of an adult.Dr. Maria Montessori, who established the Montessori education philosophy, also published similar research several decades before Vygotsky.Vygotsky died in 1934, less than a decade after he introduced the idea of ZPD, and after his death research on his ideas greatly decreased. In the 1960s, Vygotsky’s work was revived by a new group of psychologists studying developmental psychology. Dr. Jerome Bruner coined the term â€Å"scaffolding† and connected it to Vygotsky’s work. Dr. Bruner and other psychologists began studying the use of ZPD in different educational contexts, and they found that encouraging students to tackle the most difficult tasks within their ZPD leads to the most learning. Today scaffolding continues to be studied and used in schools, and much recent research has focused on how to use scaffolding to make classes (including online classes) more effective. Does Vygotsky Scaffolding Work? Over the past several decades, numerous studies have been conducted to study the effectiveness of using ZPD and scaffolding as teaching methods. Overall, research has shown that these methods can often help students learn more than they would compared to traditional teaching methods, but they require the instructor to have a good grasp of the student’s ZPD so they can adapt the teaching method to them. An early study from 1975 found that four-year-olds whose mother’s interacted with them and gave them advice were able to build significantly more complicated block towers than those who worked alone. The children who were most successful were those whose mothers adapted their strategy based on how well their child was completing the task. They made different comments based on whether the child was doing well or was struggling. A 1990 study found similar results when children were asked to put dollhouse furniture into the correct room. Children whose mothers gave them guidance were significantly more successful than those who completed the task on their own. A study published in 2000 that focused on a teacher using ZPD and scaffolding to teach a Farsi speaker English found that these methods can be an effective way to teach someone a new language. As the student improved his English skills, his teacher went from teaching individual words and phrases, to asking yes/no questions, to asking questions that required more in-depth responses. This gradual increase in difficulty helped the student improve his English skills while reducing feelings of frustration from attempting language skills beyond his current level. A similar scaffolding psychology study published in 2014 found that, in a group of 30 Australian language students, those who had tutors that used scaffolding techniques made significantly more progress in their writing quality and strategy application. Two studies, one from 2003 and one from 2010, found that ZPD and scaffolding can be effective, but if the instructor doesn’t know how to implement them correctly, she is at risk of helping students too much which turns them into passive learners and hinders their growth. Tips for Using Vygotsky Scaffolding in the Classroom From the studies discussed above, we know that instructional scaffolding can be an effective teaching tool, but only if the instructor understands how to use it. Below are four tips for using scaffolding in the classroom. Know Each Student’s ZPD In order to use ZPD and scaffolding techniques successfully, it’s critical to know your students’ current level of knowledge. Without this information, you won’t be able to teach them in their ZPD or provide effective scaffolding support. Before you begin a lesson with ZPD or Vygotsky scaffolding, find their baseline knowledge by giving a short quiz or having an introductory discussion on the topic where you ask students questions to figure out what they already know. Also remember that each student will have a different ZPD for each topic you teach. If a class has widely varying ZPDs for a specific topic, it can be more effective to have them work in groups or individually while you walk around the classroom and provide guidance so that you can tailor your techniques to each student’s ZPD. Encourage Group Work Group work can be a very effective way of using scaffolding principles in the classroom because students can learn from each other while working together on a project. More advanced students can help others learn while improving their own skills by explaining their thought process.Try to create groups that contain students with different skill sets and learning levels to maximize the amount students learn from each other. Make sure each student in the group is actively participating. If you see one student doing most of the work, have her ask the other students for their opinions, and emphasize the importance of everyone contributing. Don’t Offer Too Much Help A potential drawback of Vygotsky scaffolding is the possibility of providing too much help. This causes the student to be a passive, instead of active, learner and actually reduces the amount the student learns. If you’re using scaffolding techniques, don’t jump in right away and start offering advice. Let each student work on their own first.When they begin to struggle, first start by asking them questions about what they’ve done and what they think they should do next. As much as possible, ask open-ended questions that encourage them to find a solution on their own, as opposed to just telling them the next step. For example, if a student is trying to build a block tower, it’s much more helpful to say things like â€Å"How do you think you can make this tower stronger?† or â€Å"Why do you think the tower fell down?† than â€Å"You need to make the base bigger.† If after you’ve had the student think through the problem, then you can begin offering concrete advice for what to do next, but be sure to continue to ask questions to help increase the student’s understanding. For example, after giving advice on how to improve the block tower, you can ask â€Å"Why do you think making the base bigger helps the tower stay up?† Have Students Think Aloud Having students discuss their thought process is one of the best ways to figure out where their current skills are (and thus determine their ZPD) and make sure they’re actively learning.As a student is working on a project, have her talk about why she’s making certain decisions, what she thinks she should do next, and what she’s unsure about.When you give advice, make sure you also explain your own thought process so students can understand why you’re making the decisions you did. Summary:Vygotsky Scaffolding and the Zone of Proximal Development Vygotsky scaffolding is a teaching method that uses instructors and more advanced peers to help students learn. The Vygotsky theory of cognitive development states that students will learn more when they receive guidance from someone with more skills in the subject they’re learning than they would if they were tackling the subject on their own. Vygotsky scaffolding is part of the education theory the zone of proximal development. The zone of proximal development states that each student, for each subject, has three levels of learning: things the student can accomplish on her own, things she can accomplish with help from someone else (the zone of proximal development) and things she can’t accomplish no matter how much help she has. The ZPD and Vygotsky scaffolding theory is that students learn the most when they’re in their ZPD. Soviet psychologist Lev Vygotsky developed the ZPD and the Vygotsky theory of cognitive development, while Jerome Bruner developed scaffolding psychology several decades later.Studies have shown that scaffolding can be a very effective teaching method, as long as the teacher understands the concepts behind it and doesn’t provide too much guidance. If using scaffolding and the zone of proximal development in the classroom, remember to know each student’s ZPD, encourage group work, don’t offer too much help, and have students explain their thought process out loud. What's Next? Are you a teacher writing recommendations for your students? Read all about how to write an outstanding recommendation letter for your students, along with what not to include. When do colleges start looking at a student's grades? Do colleges look at middle school grades? Read our guide to learn how middle school grades are important for college admissions. Writing a research paper for school but not sure what to write about?Our guide to research paper topics has over 100 topics in ten categories so you can be sure to find the perfect topic for you.

Comparison between training day and adjustment buerau Essay

Comparison between training day and adjustment buerau - Essay Example Crime refers to an unlawful activity that is done in law violation, where moral inclusiveness is used in ensuring criminal justice. Criminal justice system is a composition of a group of professionals, who exercise power and authority bestowed to them over other parties, to use force and physical coercion against them. Application of ethical values in rational decisions made in the criminal justice is also critical so that right decisions are made after serious critical thinking is employed to address the important issues of ethics, and the code of conduct within the law (Ethics in Criminal Justice Administration, 2012). When ethical values are effectively applied or incorporated when making serious and critical decisions, the decisions made are bound to be correct and very appropriate to the situation under consideration. Ethics are very critical when making critical decisions, because they help in guiding the decision which in most cases, if not well guided, may be wrong or inappro priate. Each field has its own ethics to be followed, though there are various ethical standards which are common in almost all the disciplines or which are universal. These universal standards of ethics or ethical standards guide a lot in decision making. In criminal justice just like any other field, proper decisions are critical because they aid in facilitating success. Adjustment bureau and the training day film critically analyzing the various issues of the ethics, crime and criminal justice where various decisions are made by significant actors in the movie. Here, the adjustment bureau does everything to stop David and Elise from being together using their considerable power. David in the destiny of all manners of fate is presented with a scenario where he has to do all that he can to ensure that he fulfills his desires regardless of the adjustment bureau (School of Criminal Justice, 2008). David as depicted in this scenarios is a go getter, who won’t let anything stop him from achieving what he wants or intents to achieve in life. His determination to achieve is clearly demonstatated in this scenario where he works so hard to ensure that none of his desires go unsatisfied in the end. The kind of determination exhibited here by this character is overwhelming, and is of great encouragement to those people who easily give up before achieving their targets or before satisfying their desires. In the idea of criminal justice, The Adjustment Bureau and The Training Day present the process of claims that dramatizations in media are so often misrepresent, and distort concepts of criminal justice. They also present the various legal systems leveled in various fictional bureau, such as the police officers implementing criminal justice in the movies, Adjusting Bureau and Training Day. In understanding all the connections in terms of decision making and critical and rational decision making, it’s very critical for one to be very considerate. According to the film and the instruments of criminal justice in line with ethical codes of conduct, the following discussion exemplifies the issues ironed out (United NationsOffice on Drugs and Crime, 2009). Justifying beliefs and decisions In validating the ways of life and decisions made in the criminal justice system, explaining what such decisions and who