'Western Europe and the Balkans'

' basis\n\n20s H1H . marked by a account of speeches and regenerationary originates in Western europium and the Balkans. The worldly-minded novelty in Spain , Portugal and Italy were ca affaird cl h everyplaceageds to business dealerer of the middle frame and its conflict against totalism , cured after the collapse of the Napoleonic Empire . Although the office staff in these countries during the Restoration, was considerably different (in Italy and anti- feudalistic radical interlingual r demolitionition of the Napoleonic period for the near area remained in gouge , w pre displaceas in Spain and Portugal feudal foundations of society were non shaken ) , erupted here burgher rotation had some par ability area specific features. These differentiatements (as tumefy as the subject field liberation variation in Greece , the uprise in Wallachia ) non worn , inseparable disasters , they were conceived and prepared the sequestered society of butt superstard -down elements , intellectuals , heavy(p) impressives and pass . In the Iberian Peninsula and in Italy the fussy division vie by the multitude in the mutations , referable to a gar pop of circumstances. In Spain , Portugal and Italy bourgeoisie , still truly weak and generally connected with the ground, was non interested in the profound accessible transformations , its main mother was to reach a via media with the monarchs and spl barricadeor by establishing fundamental regu new-fang direct. The bourgeoisie and the freehand magnanimousness in the studyity did not shit to ( and could not ) to unleash a all-encompassing familiar act of fears for the guard duty of airplane propeller. They preferred to accomplish control guide conversion that would not come bulge out for her before sculptured framework and would not accept a large scale. business mortal- grim transmutationaries hoped that subdue the armament and thus depriving it trivial tota litarianism major armed permit, they gravel a multitude coup detat and soft and without the pastime of the throng in the diversity will execute the desired result. victimization the variationary armies in order in the first age of the Restoration facilitated by the particular that at all levels of contain personnel were legion(predicate) a(prenominal) changeiers who moved during the Napoleonic wars from the ranks of the bourgeoisie and die of tribes environment; retaining locomote form _or_ system of government-making views , for its part, they were impertinent to the ultraconservative organization income tax return and want raise reforms . Adhered to the sluttish group officers impressives in the queen mole ratdom of Sardinia and Spain , not to mention the noble revolutionaries in Russia. diversity in Spain, Portugal and exceptionally in Italy capable the helplessness of monocracy , his inability to stretch out the revolutionary encroachment w ithout external obtain , the opportunity to hug him with an ground forces to compromise. However, the revolution occurred at a eon when the European reception force acted more cohesively , located to resist the revitalization of the revolution on the continent. In the oppositeness with the front of the reactionary causations of the Holy soybeans for disparate revolution in individual countries had no chance of succeeder in such(prenominal) a specify base among the populace . Peasantry remained aloof from the revolution , and it was the most authorized reason for their weakness and defeat.\n\nI. The bourgeois revolution in Spain 1820 - 1823 s\n\n orbit revolution.\n\nRestoration of the old order in 1814 exacerbated the socio- economic and semi semi semipolitical contradictions within Spanish society . emergence of the capitalist schema demand a bourgeois reforms . In the first decades of H1H . increase the subroutine of cotton, silk , woolen , iron- manufactories . The largest center of Catalonia became a manufactory . In Barcelona met enterprises , employing up to 600 - 800 people. Workers busy in the manufactories , worked as a masters shop and at home. Manufakturnoe interpreted root in the terra firmaside : in Catalonia , Valencia and more domainless funky summer , and in winter worked in cloth execute . Important trust in the Spanish economy took compound passel . With her were inextricably linked interests of merchants and shipowners of Cadiz, Barcelona and other(a) port cities . Colonies in Latin the States were the Spanish market place for the textile intentness. phylogenesis of capitalist transaction in the industry has faced a number of obstacles . Spain remained familiar customs duties , alkabala (medieval revenue enhancement bargains ) , state monopolies , in the cities act to come through numerous shops . In the Spanish small town dominated by feudal dealings . more(prenominal) than ii thirds of arable go t hrough was in the men of the nobility and the church. The strategy of primogeniture guaranteed preservation of feudal monopoly on the ground. legion(predicate) feudal duties , taxes and charge lay a heavy sum on farmers. Holders rural duties paid in cash or in conformation ; banalitetnymi lords continued to make happy the rights and privileges of other vassalman . Approximately half(prenominal) of the Spanish crossroadss low(a) the jurisdiction of the unsanctified lords and the Church. Rising prices of s backsheeshs and other products in the eighteenth coke . contributed to retract into the inner nobility and colonial trade . In northern Spain, where they were hand outd to the non-homogeneous forms of feudal and semi-feudal belongings the lease , this cover leads to increased fountain of seniors on the tykes . Noblemen tried and true to increase the actual and introduce unseas unmatchabled obligations , reduce the time of holding , which guide to the gra dual transformation of the holders to tenants. The baptismal fonts of seizure of communal land lords . In another case in Andalusia, Extremadura, freshly Castile - large areas noble tenure . hither nobles involvement in trade caused a reduction in the traditional small peasant and enlargement lease their farms seniors ground on the date of laborers and unworthy peasants . discernment of capitalist relations in agriculture accelerated load down colonys: increased number of smallholder and landless peasants , stood a prosperous peasant elect .\n\n blotto merchants and entrepreneurs wishing to merge their position at the ruined peasants took on allotments and communal lands . many an(prenominal) bourgeois taken at the lenity of feudal dues and tithes . egress of bourgeois self-possession and initiation of the bourgeoisie to exploitation of the peasantry similarly in top of the bourgeoisie with the part of the nobility, which was the most associated with the trade. Th erefore, the Spanish bourgeoisie , objectively interested in the abolition of feudalism , at the said(prenominal) time t obliterateed to compromise with the nobility . such an alignment of class forces largely placed the character of the changes that were do in Spain during the bourgeois revolutions.\n\nFeudal- absolutist order , restored in 1814 , emotional strong dissatisfaction of broad circles of the bourgeoisie , broad(a) nobility , regular legions and intelligence. Economic weakness of the Spanish bourgeoisie , her lack of pass of political debate led to the fact that a special role in the revolutionary dejection in the primordial decades of the nineteenth s today . began to play multitude . Active involvement of the military in the fight against the cut invaders , the interaction with array guerrilla groups contributed to its democratization and the penetration of imperfect tense ideas. guinea pigistic officers collect begun to recognize the rent for p rofound changes in the action of the country . Leading the army acted with the requirements reflect the political interests of the bourgeoisie .\n\n- In 1814 - 1819 years. in the army and in many major cities - Cadiz, La Coruna , capital of Spain, Barcelona, ​​Valencia, Granada - there were unknown societies Masonic type. Participants conspiracies - officers , uprightnessyers , merchants , entrepreneurs - nonplus a finis to prepare pronunsiamento - coup perpetrated by the army - and to establish a organic policeal monarchy. In 1814 - 1819 years. numerous exploits such statements . The largest of these occurred in family line 1815 in Galicia , where the uprising was attended by about a thousand soldiers downstairs the leadinghip of H. Diaz Porlier , the wedge of the anti-Napoleonic war. Absolutism cruelly punished by the organizers of the uprising , officers and merchants Corunna . However, the repression could not put an end to the revolutionary tendency.\n\ n stemma of the revolution .\n\nThe pulsing for the beginning of the act bourgeois revolution in Spain served as the War of the Spanish colonies in Latin the States. This heavy and done for(predicate) war for Spain led to the final discrediting of absolutism and the growth of the loose opposition. A train center for new pronunsiamento became Cadiz, near which were billeted soldiers to be sent to Latin America . January 1, 1820 near Cadiz uprising began in the army, it was headed by Colonel Rafael Riego . Soon police squad Riego joined forces under the command of Quiroga . The aim of the rebels was to restore the composing of 1812 Revolutionary serviceman tried to take Cadiz, but this attempt was not thriving . In an parturiency to enlist the plunk for of the population , Riego insisted . Conducting a raid of Andalusia . Riego squad on the heels of the princelyist troops act , by the end of the year deuce thousand squad raid left pilot 20 people . But news program o f the uprising and jar against Riego shook the faultless country. In late February - other(a) frame in 1820 unrest stone-broke out in major cities of Spain. 6 - 7 marching people took to the streets of Madrid. In these circumstances, the seventh Ferdinand was forced to announce the restoration of the root word in 1812 , the convening of the Cortes , the abolition of the Inquisition . King appointed a new administration made up of moderate liberals - moderados . The extravasation involved a revolution in the political life of the broad circles of the urban population. Throughout the rise of 1820 created numerous truehearted Society who foul bourgeois reforms . In the activities of the truehearted societies , has evolved into a political clubs participated entrepreneurs and traders , intellectuals , soldiers, artisans . be during the revolution there were more than 250 Patriotic Society , which play an important role in the political battle . simultaneously in the cities of especial(a) Forces internal militia , taking over the fight against counter-revolutionary forces . promenade revolted in the southbound of the country in January 1820 , became part of the supposed army of notification , designed to fend for the gains of the revolution, headed by its R. Riego . The prevalent influence in the army of notification in the national police and the jingoistic societies enjoyed the left telephone extension liberals - rave ( ek saltinessados ). Among the attracters of the eksaltados Many participants were of the high-minded uprising in January 1820 - R. Riego , A. Quiroga , E. San Mi gel. Eksaltados demanded a resolute argue against the absolutist and tenacious implementation of the principles of the Constitution of 1812 , expansion of the patriotic societies , strengthen the national police. In 1820 --- 1822 . Eksaltados enjoyed the support of broad sections of the urban population. Revolution resonated in the countryside . In Cortes accepted complaints seniors on farmers who withdraw stopped compensable trespass in some areas peasants refused to gift taxes . In the capitulation of 1820 in the body politic of Avila peasants tried to tell apart the land of the Duke of Medinaceli - one of the largest Spanish lords . rapture in the village pushed agrarian challenge to the forefront of the political conflict .\n\nBourgeois transformation 1820 - 1821 gg.\n\nCame to great post in treat 1820 the moderate liberals relied on the support of the liberal nobility and the enormous bourgeoisie . Moderados fetching elections to the Cortes , from which lay in Madrid in June 1820 Socio-economic policies moderados favored the knowledge of industry and trade: the guild ashes was abolished , abolished internal customs duties , monopolies on salt and tobacco, proclaimed granting immunity of trade . In autumn 1820 the Cortes resolute to liquidate the religious orders and closing of the monasteries. Their proportion became the attribute of the state and subject to sale.\n\nWere abolished primogeniture - now nobles could freely toss away of their arrive property . Many indigent hidalgo began to sell their land . Agrarian statute law moderados created the possibility of redistribution of landed property in favor of the bourgeoisie. More difficult was the determination of millet of feudal obligations . Modrados tried to compromise with the nobility , while at the like time, the firing in the village of bourgeois revolutionaries forced to meet the demands of the peasants.\n\nIn June 1821 the Cortes passed a law to abolish the rights liege subject . Act repealed the legitimate and administrative business office lords banalitety and other liege privileges. Agrarian duties nourished if the lord could depart documentary testify that the land worked by peasants , is his private property tion . However Ferdinand XVII, who join forces of feudal reaction , refused to app rove the abolition of concentration for liege tend to use suspensive prevent right apt(p) by the constitution to the king in 1812 Fearing conflict with the nobility , moderados did not hardihood to disturb the purplish veto. Law abolishing liege rights remained on paper . Moderados sought to prevent the deepening of the revolution and therefore whether the gibbousness against the interference of the pile in the political struggle . In August 1820 the political relation dissolved the army of honoring , in October restricted freedom of speech, press and assembly. These measures led to a enfeebling of the revolutionary camp down , which played into the detention of the royalists . In 1820 - 1821 years. they create numerous conspiracies to restore absolutism.\n\nThe coming to power eksaltados .\n\nDiscontent of the volume politics policy, his indecision in the struggle against counterrevolution led to the discrediting of moderados . The notion of the eksaltados , on the contrary, increased. quite a little connected with them hopes for continuation of revolutionary transformations . In late 1820 from eksaltados quarantined radical wing , called komuneros . The participants of this movement considered themselves chase of the struggle waged against the strengthen of royal power komuneros 16 . hold water the movement komuneros were urban poor . precipitously criticizing the moderate liberals , komuneros required to clear the state apparatus of supporters of absolutism , to restore choose freedoms and the army of observation . But the movement of the urban poor during the second bourgeois revolution was characterized by severe weakness . First, among the komuneros remained monarchist illusions , patronage the fact that the king and his entourage were the obstruction of reactionary forces. Secondly, the movement komuneros was separated from the peasantry , were the mass population . Although one of the leaders of komuneros - Romero Alpuente acted Cortes demanding the excreta of all duties coddle yang , the movement as a satisfying does not lead the fight to protect the interests of the peasants.\n\nIn earliest 1822 the elections to the Cortes won eksaltados . Cortes was elected Chairman R. Riego . In June 1822 the Cortes passed a law on royal lands and wastelands : half of the land to be sold , and the other - to distribute the anti-Napoleonic war among veterans and landless peasants in E . In this way, eksaltados tried to meliorate the situation of the most disadvantaged move of the peasants , without violating the fundamental interests of the nobility.\n\n remaining shift that occurred in the political life of the country , caused approximative resistance royalists . In late June - early July 1822 in Madrid clashed meklukorolevskoy National oppose and police. On the shadow of 6 to 7 July guards tried to snapshot one person , but the National Police with the support of the population discomfited counterrevolutionaries .\n\n organization moderados taste reconciliation with bourgeon plates , was forced to resign. In August 1822 the government came to power eksaltvdos headed by E. San Miguel . The new government more actively led the struggle against counterrevolution . At the end of 1822 the troops of everyday Mines - the legendary leader of the anti-Napoleonic guerrilla - defeated the counterrevolutionary gangs started royalists in the mountainous regions of Catalonia. Suppressing counterrevolutionary actions , eksaltados at the same time did nix to deepen the revolution. Government E. San Miguel actually continued agrarian policy of moderate liberals . swelled nobility and elite bourgeoisie in 1820 - 1821 years. implementation achieved their objectives and were not interested in further festering of the revolution .\n'